| Flat panel displays(FPDs)are widely used in phones,notebook computers,TVs,automotive dashboards,and other products that require digital display information.In terms of the industry chain,the flat panel display industry can be divided into upstream materials,midstream panel manufacturing,and downstream products.Due to the uneven distribution of global production and sales of products in the flat panel display industry chain,the members of the flat panel display supply network are spread worldwide.From materials to products,there are supply and demand linkages between this series of upstream and downstream products,and when there is a supply change or shortage of a specific product,it will inevitably impact the supply and demand of its upstream and downstream products.Numerous events have shown that for members of the global flat panel display supply network,disruptions in supply,demand,and cooperation caused by unconventional events can cause significant losses.Therefore,there is an urgent practical need and theoretical research significance to study the disruption risk of the global flat panel display supply network,identify the high-risk members and cooperation relationships in the supply network,and propose mitigation strategies for the disruption risk.This paper studies the disruption risk of global flat panel display supply networks from three perspectives: disruption risk propagation,reconstruction,and interdependent supply networks.First,from the perspective of disruption risk propagation of supply networks,the global flat panel display supply network is constructed from three dimensions: enterprise,province,and country,respectively.The visible disruption risk of the global supply network is analyzed from the perspective of network topology,and the hidden disruption risk of the global supply network is analyzed from the perspective of disruption risk propagation.Second,from the perspective of supply network reconstruction,the impact of government control measures on the reconfiguration of the global flat panel display supply network under the COVID-19 pandemic is studied.Finally,from the perspective of interdependent supply network,considering that cascade failures are triggered by overloads in the information layer network and underloads in the logistics layer network,a two-layer flat panel display supply network cascade failure model is developed,and the allocation of appropriate risk resistances to enhance the robustness of the global flat panel display supply network is proposed.The main findings are as follows.(1)Topological structure and risk propagation in TFT-LCD supply networks.This study examines the topological structure and risk propagation in TFT-LCD supply networks from a dynamic perspective.First,the evolution of the topological structure of TFT-LCD supply networks from 2015 to 2020 is explored by constructing a weighted and undirected supply network.Second,the hidden risky sources in TFT-LCD supply networks are revealed by the proposed risk propagation model.The results show that TFTLCD supply networks are characterized by a ‘hub and spoke’ feature and an explicit shift from geographical to global cooperation.Additionally,a ‘robust-yet-fragile’configuration in these supply networks is uncovered,and the hidden risky sources in the main TFT-LCD manufacturers and suppliers and in interfirm cooperations are revealed.(2)Critical risks in Chinese overseas flat panel display supply networks: A provincial perspective.This study first constructs weighted and directed Chinese overseas FPD supply networks to investigate the visible risks of these networks by macroscopic and microscopic structures from a provincial perspective.Second,this study reveals the hidden risk sources in Chinese overseas FPD supply networks using the proposed risk propagation model in supply,demand,and cooperation disruption scenarios.The finding reveals that the Yangtze River Delta region and Guangdong province together occupied the main FPD supply to other countries,and the demand for FPD is mainly concentrated in these provinces.FPD sales channels for Chinese provinces are focused on the USA,Japan,and South Korea,and FPD’s main sources of supply come from the USA,Japan,South Korea,Germany,and Thailand.China’s supply of FPDs to the USA gradually shifts to Southeast Asian countries.Additionally,the hidden risks are mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal provinces of China.The hidden cooperation risks are focused between Guangdong province and the USA,South Korea.(3)Critical risks in global flat panel display supply networks: A static structure and dynamic propagation perspective.This study first investigates the visible risks of global FPD supply networks from a topological structure perspective by constructing weighted and directed supply networks.Second,the hidden risk sources in the global FPD supply networks are uncovered by the proposed risk propagation model in three real-life scenarios,including supply,demand,and intercountry cooperation disruptions.The findings reveal that global FPD supply networks are robust to random disruption but are susceptible to target disruptions,and disruption in European and Asian countries can affect the functioning of the overall supply networks.Additionally,the global FPD supply networks are more resistant to demand disruption-driven risk than supply disruptiondriven risk and more resistant to inter-country cooperation disruption-driven risk than country disruption-driven risk.Furthermore,the indirect impacts of disruption account for a significant fraction of the disrupted scale.(4)Reconstruction of global flat panel display supply networks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A macroscopic structure and microscopic link perspective.From a macroscopic structure perspective,this study first investigates the impacts of COVID-19 mitigation measures implemented by governments on supply network structures by using a difference-in-difference model.Second,from a microscopic link perspective,the potential cooperations in the global FPD supply network are uncovered using the node2 vec algorithm.The results indicate that mitigation measures can decrease the indegree,out-degree,in-strength,and out-strength,and increase the clustering coefficient and closeness centrality of countries.Additionally,Germany and Guyana,Germany and Saint Helena,Belgium and Montenegro,Canada and Lithuania,Canada and Montenegro,and Japan and Chile are the most likely to establish cooperative relationships in the global FPD supply network.European Union countries will build closer cooperation in the future but will still look for cooperators worldwide.(5)Robustness of interdependent supply networks in disruption risk propagation.A cyber-physical supply network comprises an undirected cyber supply network and a directed physical supply network.Such interdependence among firms increases efficiency but creates more vulnerabilities.The adverse effects of any failure can be amplified and propagated throughout the network.This paper aimed to investigate the robustness of the cyber-physical supply network against disruption risks.Considering that the disruption risk is triggered by overloading in the cyber supply network and is provoked by underload in the physical supply network,a realistic disruption risk propagation model for cyber-physical supply networks is proposed.We conducted a numerical simulation under cyber node and physical node disruption with varying parameters.The simulation results demonstrated that there are critical thresholds for both firm’s capacities,which can determine whether capacity expansion is helpful;there is also a cascade window for network load distribution,which can determine the occurrence and scale of the disruption risk propagation.The innovations of the study are as follows.(1)A global TFT-LCD supply network at the firm level is established by proposing a DY spillover index to measure the strength of relationships between firms.(2)A cross-country FPD disruption risk propagation model is constructed considering the heterogeneity of national business environments.(3)The impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on the reconstruction of the global FPD supply network is quantified and analyzed.(4)A synergistic evolution model of overload and underload disruptions in an interdependent FPD supply network is constructed,and appropriate risk resistance is proposed to be allocated to enhance the robustness of the global FPD supply network.This paper has 65 figures,33 tables,and 232 references. |
