| Human activity impact on carbon emissions has been one of the leading causes of climate change.Low carbon development is both the inherent requirement of economic and social sustainable development,also is the important symbol of high quality development.So it gradually increased to a new development strategy in most countries and regions.In the traditional system of fiscal decentralization and competition,there are of economic incentive of oneness and guidance,regional governance carbon positive externalities and weak incentive,which make local governments tend to favour "competition for growth","management of urban land",the pursuit of economic growth and the fiscal and taxation,while ignore the quality of investment introduction,relax environment and carbon emissions controls,booster excessive non-agricultural land,then lead to increasing environmental pollution and carbon emissions.It is well known that land is the basis element of economic development,and urban are the main positions for controlling carbon emissions.Meanwhile the local governments are managers of land and the very important bodies of carbon emissions governance.So,under the background of low carbon development strategy,can or should local governments play a role in the progress of land management?The core research question was raised.It’s how local governments land management behaviors affect carbon emissions?First of all,around the core problem,the theoretical analysis framework was formed under three paths such as"industrial type structure change","land use intensity change" and "land use change",based on literature method and inductive method.In view of the three main carbon source(i.e.,industrial energy carbon emissions as the main source of industry carbon emissions,the urban energy carbon emissions as the main carbon source and terrestrial ecosystem carbon emissions as the vital source of carbon emissions),and the provincial panel data of China and the time-series data of Urumqi were employed to explore empirically respectively.How local governments land management behaviors affect industrial carbon emissions?This article constructed the analysis framework of local government land behaviors’influence on industrial energy carbon,mainly based on the industrial scale of land supply and supply price,supply method.Based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2007 to 2016,system GMM model and threshold regression model were used for the empirical analysis.The results showed that there were three effects about the influence of industrial land supply on carbon emissions.(1)"Size effect" meant that the increase of area of land supply brought about the rising industrial energy carbon emissions.(2)"Method effect"meant that the land supply by agreement rose the proportion of all industrial production energy carbon emissions.For the influence on industrial energy carbon emissions,the economic level had obvious single threshold effects.The threshold value of per capita GDP was 8000 RMB(1998 constant).(3)"Price effect" meant that the closer the supply price of industrial land by agreement to the lowest price was,the higher industrial energy carbon emissions was,and there was a lag effect.Therefore local government industrial land supply behaviors would affect the industrial energy carbon emissions.Industrial land supply scale,supply method,supply price had different impact on industrial energy carbon emissions and had certain hysteresis.How local goverrnments land management behaviors affect urban carbon emissions?This paper constructed the analysis framework,and based on Chinese provincial panel data from 1998 to 2014,the system GMM model was used for empirical analysis.The results showed that the local government land behaviors significantly reduced the overall urban population density,and in the sample period,the energy density of urban population and per capita urban carbon emissions overall in the falling part of the U-shaped curve.Therefore,local governments land management behaviors had more significant role on per capita urban energy carbon emissions.The main conclusions were as follows.(1)During the sample period,in general the greater local governments’ power of construction land examination and approval was,the more easily led to the decrease of the density of urban population,the rise of per capita urban energy carbon emissions it was.(2)Beyond a certain range,the stronger the strength of local government intervention in the land market was,the more likely to prompt urban population density,rise per capita urban energy carbon emissions it was.(3)The stronger local governments’ dependence on land revenue was,the more likely to prompt urban population density,rise per capita urban energy carbon emissions it was.(4)Different environmental protection measures had different impacts on per capita urban energy carbon emissions.Among them,decentralization of environmental management had a positive impact,while environmental petition had a relatively stable negative impact.In addition,the positive role of environmental assessment policy had not been effectively played.Land use change directly caused the change of terrestrial ecosystems in terms of soil and vegetation.Land urbanization was the main aspect of land use change.How local governments land management behaviors affect the carbon storge change through the land urbanization?Taking Urumqi as an example,based on the parts of 1970’s-2015 time-series data,empirical analysis was employed with GIS analysis,stepwise regression model.The results showed that the natural factors were the important factors affecting the carbon,and land use change was the key cause of the change of the carbon,the economic factor was the main driver.Land urbanization process was the main driving forces of the variation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon.And construction land examination and approval by local governments,land transfer mode selection,land income dependence would be the important reasons for land use change,especially for land urbanization.At the same time,the local governments land management behaviors related to urban carbon emissions changes.In conclusion,the research hypothesises put forward by this paper was validated,and the heart research question was answered,which meaned that local governments land management behaviors had significant direct or indirect impact on carbon emissions.This offered an important basis for the land use regulation which became important means to promote low-carbon development.To this end,this paper put forward three main policy recommendations.(1)The industrial land supply management should be strengthened,and the positive role of industrial land supply should be full played.From the angle of supply,it is necessary to moderately control total industrial land supply scale,optimize the structure of supply,and give full play to effective regulation and control tools such as agreement.Generally,the agreement introduced industrial enterprises with high carbon emissions,but also can guide the land market to develop in the direction of low carbon through the way of lower agreement price.At the same time,the "whole life cycle management system" for industrial land should be established and perfected.(2)Local governments land management behaviors should be optimized to promote the rational allocation of people and land in urban.Some measures should be drawn to gradually weaken the dependence on land revenue,moderately control land examination and approval authority,perfect pre-trial construction land and land supervision system,gradually adjust "productive preference" of local governments,and effectively form the local government "preference" for intensive land use and environmental protection.It is also important to reasonably regulate the land market,control moderately proportion of land supply by agreement,and reduce local government’s unreasonable interference to land market.At the same time,it is necessary to build binding assessment indicators about energy conservation,emissions reduction,and low carbon development,effectively guide land market development in the direction of urban low-carbonization.It is important to perfect the hook mechanism on person and land,make reasonable urban construction land scale,and then promote coordinated development of population urbanization and land urbanization.(3)Land use control strategies system based on the perspective of low carbon development should be constructed.Based on the perspective of low carbon development,points of control strategy should be got in five aspects such as the core goal,critical path,the basic relationship,important tools and the main links.In order to better carry out the control strategy,regulatory mechanism system should be built,which contained target decision,pressure conduction,motivation distribution,regulation for resource and supervision. |
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