Study On Shelterbelt Major Species Adaptability In Shandong Sandy Coastal

This paper focuses on the growth condition, physiological and anti-adversity features and enjoyment index of chief species on sandy coasts. A comprehensive evaluation analysis on the selected species'whole adaptability on the greening and afforestation was made using qualitative analysis method. Finally, we used subordinate function values and analytical hierarchy process evaluated the single index of species'adaptability. The study above provides the theoretical and practical reference to the system construction of the protection forest and screening for the afforenstation species of the study area. The principal conclusions as follows:(1)In the experiment of afforenstation about typical species, we found that Fraxinus chinensis had highest survival rate (85.6%) in the five big arbor species. The DBH, tree height, crown width of Robinia pseudoacacia which 5-years were 6.3 cm, 4.7m and 2.3 m², which were the highest on the growth increment of forest. Respectively, these were higher than Pinus thunbergii 61.5%, 62.1% and 64.3%. Prunus cerasifera had highest survival rate (88.6%) in the five small arbor species, its DBH and tree height fastest flooding conditions, 5-year growth was 6.9 cm, 2.9m increased by 63.2%, 62.1%. compared with Hibiscus syriacus. The manifestation of big arbor species were: Larix gmelini > Robinia pseudoacacia > Pinus rigida > Fraxinus chinensis > Pinus thunbergii > Platycladus orientalis. The manifestation of small arbor species were: Prunus cerasifera > Prunus serrulata > Cercis chinensi > Lagerstroemia indica > Hibiscus syriacus.(2) Comprehensive evaluation of the growth adaptations of 39 selected specieds showed that the highest survival rate in the big arbor was Populus tomentosa, reaching 92.4%. Broussonetia papyrifera reached 93.5%, was the highest in the small arbor. Amorpha fruticosa and Vitex trifolia alao had higher survival rate in shrub species , which were the most widespread species in sandy coastal. High annual growth was slower in conifers, around 80cm. The species which come to grow more than 90cm were Populus tomentosa, Quercus acutissima, Robinia pseudoacacia, Broussonetia papyrifera, Prunus serrulata, Cercis chinensis and Amorpha fruticosa. Diameter (ground diameter) years of growth in the big tree species growth all exceeded 1cm except Ginkgo biloba. In the small arbor, only Prunus serrulata and Cotinus coggygria exceeded 1cm.Overall, growth adaptable species were as follows: Fraxinus chinensis, Pistacia chinensis, Populus tomentosa, Prunus serrulata, Broussonetia papyrifera, Amorpha fruticosa, Rosa chinensis, Cercis chinensis and Forsythia suspense and so on.(3) Sea breeze was an important influencing factor in plant growth. In the coast gradient, the crown shape was changed from umbrella, partial crown to tapered and oval crown. In the vertical shore gradient within 400m, with the increase of the distance, the morphological characters of Pinus thunbergii, such as DBH, tree height, branch under had shown high growing trend, of which the fastest changes was height and the highest increase rate was 167.3 percent. Branch mortality rates decreased and ranged in 8.5% and 25.4%. Among the influencing factors , wind stroke was the strongest, followed by cold damage and insect pests. The length of first branch and second branch in windward side was also gradually increasing. Overall, strong canopy morphological adaptability species (4-5 points) including: Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Ulmus pumila, Salix babylonica, Sabina chinensis, Lagerstroemia indica, Broussonetia papyrifera, and so on.(4) Through analyzing on photosynthetic physiological index of eight typical greening kinds of tree, we found that the photosynthetic rate diurnal curve of Lagerstroemia indica, Euonymus japonicus,Prunus triloba and Punica granatum presented two peaks, and the first peak was higher than the second one. Prunus cerasifera, Prunus serrulata, Hibiscus syriacus and Cercis chinensis presented single peak curve, the variation in stomatal conductance curves was consistent, was "M" shape. In addition to Hibiscus syriacus , the diurnal variation curve of the intercellular CO² of the other trees was similar to the "W" change tendency.(5) Comprehensive evaluation of the physiological adaptations of 39 species show that: Sophora japonica have the biggest bound water / free water (1.76) in big arbor, Lagerstroemia indica was the biggest (2.15)in small arbor. Natural saturation deficit of 35% to 15% of species are Albizzia julibrissin, Fraxinus chinensis, Populus tomentosa, Robinia pseudoacacia, etc. Robinia pseudoacacia's transpiration rate is the highest, 7.55 mmol·m^-2·s^-1. Pinus thunbergii and Sabina chinensis's transpiration rate is the lowest, under 5.0 mmol·m^-2·s^-1. Tree species that photosynthetic rate is greater than 10μmol ? m^-2·s^-1 are Quercus acutissima, Ailanthus altissima, Salix matsudana, Fraxinus chinensis, Broussonetia papyrifera, Vitex trifolia..As a hole, the following species had strong physiological adaptability: Fraxinus chinensis, Ailanthus altissima , Salix matsudana, Quercus acutissima, Ligustrum lucidum, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Platycladus orientalis, Cedrus deodara, Broussonetia papyrifera, Vitex trifolia, Sabina chinensis.(6) Comprehensive analysis and evaluation show that Quercus acutissima is the most resistant species. Pinus thunbergii, Vitex trifolia, Tamarix chinensis, Broussonetia papyrifera are also have lower requirements for the degree of soil fertility, their resistance index are all above 4.0. Salix babylonica is water tolerant tree, but Ginkgo biloba is the most intolerant ones. The cold resistance index of Ulmus pumila, Albizzia julibrissin, Quercus acutissima and Ailanthus altissima are all above 4.0, which are cold resistant trees. Ligustrum lucidum and Prunus serrulata have weak cold resistance, their resistance index below 3.0. The wind-resistant species are as follows : Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Ulmus pumila, Amorpha fruticosa, Broussonetia papyrifera, Sabina chinensis, their resistance index between 5.0-4.0, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus tomentosar have lower wind resistance. Though the comprehensive analysis, the strong resistance of tree species as a whole are Ulmus pumila, Quercus acutissima, Ailanthus altissima, Salix babylonica, Sophora japonica, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis, Broussonetia papyrifera, Punica granatum, Vitex trifolia, Tamarix chinensis, Berberis thunbergii, Amorpha fruticosa.(7) Though the results from comprehensive analysis show that the species of better are Ginkgo biloba, Pistacia chinensis, Acer mono, Ligustrum lucidum, Albizzia julibrissin, Ailanthus altissima, Cedrus deodara, Pinus thunbergii, Larix gmelini, Punica granatum, Cotinus coggygria, Prunus cerasifera, Cercis chinensis, Forsythia suspensea.Through comprehensive evaluation of growth condition, physiological and anti-adversity and enjoyment on 39 selected species, the better species which have good adaptability for the construction of ecological shelter forest (0.5 points) are as follows: Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Platycladus orientalis, Ligustrum lucidum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima, Cedrus deodara, Ginkgo biloba, Salix babylonica, Sabina chinensis, Broussonetia papyrifera, Prunus cerasifera, Amorpha fruticosa, Euonymus japonicus, Vitex trifolia, Ziziphus jujuba, Rosa chinensis.The species for Landscape planting (0.5 points) are as follows: Ligustrum lucidum , Ginkgo biloba, Pistacia chinensis, Ailanthus altissima, Sophora japonica, Platycladus orientalis, Cedrus deodara, Cercis chinensis, Lagerstroemia indica, Sabina chinensis, Euonymus japonicus, Prunus cerasifera.