Development And Application Of Nicotine Extracted From Plant As A Parasiticide Used In Aquaculture

The present paper mainly deals with the impact of the toxication from nicotine over the aquatic animals and the impact over the pond environmental conditions as water quality, and its toxication over the algae for metabolism and eradication. The considerations are also given to the impact of the medical effects over the parasites and the metabolisms along with the residues and the stabilities within the internal bodies of the aquatic animals. The tests show that Nicotine has a lethal effect LD50 for crucial carp for 96 hours are at the concentration of 34.5mg/L and the safe concentration at the 3.45 mg/L; the lethal effects LD50 for large croakers are 22.0 mg/L for 96 hours and the safe level is 2.2 mg/L; the lethal effects LD50 for freshwater prawn for 96 hours are 11.8 mg/L while the safe concentration is 1.18 mg/L; the lethal effects LD50 for black sea bream for 96 hours are 17.5 mg/L while the safe concentration is 1.75 mg/L. Therefore Nicotine products are safe to the aquatic animals.After the application of Nicotine products for 4 days, the ranges of the dissolved oxygen variations are between -0.03-0.05 mg/L, pH value 0.02-0.08, ammonium and nitration varies between -0.009 - 0.003mg/L, N-nitrite variation is between -0.007 --0.004 mg/L, and COD variation is between 0.01 -0.45 mg/L.Prohibiting rate of Nicotine on algae is 0.125%.After the application of Nicotine at the concentration of 0.5ug/g in 96 hours, the residues are less than 10% and it disappeared in 120 hours in the water. The stay in the mud is even shorter in time. There is no more Nicotine content in the mud after 96 hours. The regression equation between Nicotine concentration and the time length in the water is C = -0.005T+0.5195, R²=0.9947 After the application of Nicotine, the parasites in the fish body were apparentally reduced, therefore, Nicotine has an effect to remove Ichthyophthiriosis: the group for the highest concentration is 78.10ï¼…, the group for the normal rate 63.48ï¼…, the group for the lowest rate is 51.51ï¼…; However, Nicotine for Dactylogyrus is 72.13ï¼…for the group of highest concentration, 62.41ï¼…for the group of normal concentration and 39.16ï¼…for the group lowest concentration.According to the triplicates at the concentration of 200ug/g of Nicotine for stability, concentrations left over after 90 days of test were 200.92±0.73ug/g, relatively it was reduced by 0.21ï¼….Nicotine at the concentration of 0.1mg/l was pond sprayed, Nicotine was fastly absorbed in the Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Nicotine content in the hepa-pancreas reaches the highest level at 0.196ug/g in 2 hours, but after 96 hours, the Nicotine concentration reaches the lowest level, no existence in the 6^th day. In the muscle, Nicotine is slower in absorption, even after 12 hours the peak level of Nicotine was not reached only at the level of 0.052ug/g. Afterwards, with the reduction of Nicotine effects in the water, Nicotine was gradually discharged out of fish body. Till the 5^th day, there failed to check out any content of Nicotine. Nicotine transports fast in the liver and pancreas of crucian carp, after the application of 0.1 mg/l of Nicotine, hepa-pancreas outcomes with 0.149ug/g as a peak value in 8 hours. Afterwards, discharge is slowly out of fish body. In 96 hours, Nicotine concentration was on 0.037ug/g, in 144 hours, (6^th day), there is no sign of Nicotine. However, in the muscle of crucian carp, concentration of Nicotine was lower, in 12 hours, the concentration of Nicotine reached peak level at 0.105 ug/g, but Nicotine transports fast in the muscle, in 120 days (5^th day) there is no Nicotine available at all.The test results show that Nicotine has a low or mid level toxication over the fish, but no side-effect at all to the hydro-chemical factors as dissolved oxygen, pH, N-ammonium, N-nitrite, COD etc in the pond. It has also low toxication for algae, and disappeared instantly, while there is no accumulation in the mud. The concentration of Nicotine products applied to the parasites can be consulted with "Code of Technical Clinic Application of New Fishery Medicines", the drug protection is＞60ï¼….Therefore, the recommended rate for Nicotine is 0.1 mg/l as an effective concentration. The triplicates were sent to toxin check on Nicotine were guaranteed. Nicotine has a stable character temporarily valid for 2 years. In the light of the time length and quantity of residues in the internal body of aquatic animals, the suggested time length is 180 dgree·days. In order to have food safety of aquatic products, the practical allowable time length is 250 degree·days. In general, as a herbal pesticide, Nicotine has a good effect over parasites in prevention and control, it is environmentally safe for the aquatic animals, free from the residues. It is fast in metabolism for aquatic animals, no toxication. Nicotine can meet the requirements of the hazard-free fishery medicine in the governmental standard...