| Recently,natural reproduction with male and female ratio of 1:2 was common in farm-raised ostrich,and that led to the waste of considerable male ostriches and increasing of feeding cost.Furthermore,the fertility rate of hatching egg was extremely low because the beginning of oestrus in male ostrich was 10-20 days later than in male ostrich.In addition,as the body position was very low during natural mating in ostriches,it was common to see male ostrich's penis was contaminated by manure,sand etc.when the pennies couldn't be inserted into vagina one time.After inserting again,the colibacillus,salmonella etc.were inclined to cause the infection of vagina and uterus etc.and contamination of hatching egg,which restricted the development of ostrich industry seriously.The artificial reproduction technology is the key to solve these problems.With the basic research on the artificial reproduction technology in ostrich,we can decrease the amounts of male ostriches in population,improve the utilization of male ostriches and fertility rate of female ostriches,reduce the occurrence of reproductive organ disease,and increase healthy bird rate,accordingly boost the benefit of ostrich industry.1.By dissecting and observing the reproductive organ of male ostrich,the result indicated: Above 2 years old,the average body weight of ostrich was135.6 kg,average weight and length of testis were 365.5g and 11.3 cm separately.Before sexual maturity,the size of testis was just as adult human's thumb and its color was milky white.After 2 years old,the weight and volume of testis had tendency of augment.In breeding season,there was tendency of augment in testis and penis.Inversely,testis and penis had tendency of diminution in ceased period.After sexual maturity,the color of testis turned into hoar from milky white.2 years old later,the average weight and length of penis were 870 g and 30.1 cm separately and the size was variational according to the different ages and sexual activity periods.Before sexual maturity at 1 year old,the penis was relatively small,with short rod-shape and light pink color.2 years old later,the penis grew up gradually,the free part of penis was spiral pyramid,tapering gradually from root to glans.There was penis groove on back side of penis,average depth 19.18 mm.During mating,the penis groove closed up to tubiform, ejected semen to opening of oviduct.In cloaca,there was a small capsular space at the root of penis.In capsular space,there were two conical ejaculation mastoids,5 mm long,with tubule connecting the testis separately.Proximal part of penis groove connected the center of capsular space.The capsular space was independent chamber in cloaca,which was isolated from excretion and procreation.2.By observing and statistical analyzing the estrus behavior of 30 ostriches in a year, result showed:the breeding season of ostrich was from April to October in Guanzhong area, and main in March,April,May,June,August and October.The ceased period was from November to March of following year.During the breeding season,the fastigium of mating was at morning and dusk in normal weather.3.With radio immunoassay(RIA) determining the concentration of follotropin(FSH), estrogen(E2) and testosterone(T),the result indicated:there was fluctuating variation in FSH from blood plasma of ostrich in a year.The concentration of FSH rose in the middle of November and reached peak in February.Then concentration of FSH began to descend,and reached the lowest level of one year in the middle of June.Followed by concentration of FSH rising,it reached the highest level of one year in the middle of July.Then the concentration of FSH descended till the middle of October,and reached the lowest level of one year in the middle of August.There were three evident wave crest of secret in February,July and December during a year,which were 130.168mIU/mL,144.375mlU/ml and 114.354mIU/ml. In the middle of June and August,there were two wave troughs.The level of E2 rose slowly from January to May.From the middle of May to the middle of June,concentration of E2 rose abruptly and reached the secondary peak.In July, concentration of E2 descended suddenly to the low level(367.285pg/ml),and then rose allegro.At the middle of September,concentration of E2 reached the highest level in a year (367.285pg/ml),and then descended.30 days before oestrus,the concentration of E2 rose expeditiously,due to the stimulation of FSH and LH for oarium,the E2 secreted abundantly. E2 reacted on hypothalamus,which released luteinizing hormone releasing hormone(LHRH) subsequently.LHRH induced pituitary gland to secret LH abundantly,forming concentration peak of LH..The concentration of testosterone(T) was rose constantly from January to June, and reached a relatively high level in June(121.473 ng/dl).From July,the concentration of T descended and reached the lowest level in a year in August(77.166ng/dl).After the middle of September,the concentration of T rose gradually and reached the highest level in a year at middle ten days of October(138.562 ng/dl).In ostrich 1718,24h and 48h later,after injecting pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG),the concentration of T descended gradually,compared with the concentration before injection.In ostrich Z5,24h and 48h later after injected PMSG,the concentration of T rose, with a relatively rapidly rising 48h later especially.In ostrich Z2,24h and 48h later after injected PMSG,the concentration of T rose unconspicuous.By analyzing,we found that injection of PMSG had effect on the secretion of hormone4.Massage method,electrostimulation method and artificial vagina method were used separately in five male ostriches.Results are as follows.(1) With massage method,of the 150 times with semen collection,ejaculation reflex was 30 times and 8 times was successful semen collection.Average ejaculate volume was 0.85ml, sperm density at dense level,and average sperm motility was 0.82.18 times of semen samples collected were only seminal plasma,with a small quantity of sperms individual,and sperm density at dense level.(2) With artificial vagina method,of the 150 times with semen collection,ejaculation reflex was 25 times and 6 times was successful semen collection.Average ejaculate volume was 0.83ml,sperm density at dense level,and average sperm motility was 0.86.12 times of semen samples collected were only seminal plasma,with a small quantity of sperm individual,and sperm density at dense level.The rest 7 times of semen sample had no sperm.(3) With electrostimulation method,of the 100 times with semen collection,ejaculation reflex was 15 times and 2 times was successful semen collection.Average ejaculate volume was 0.4ml,sperm density at thin level,and average sperm motility was 0.5.13 times of semen samples were seminal plasma,no sperm.
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