Researches On Bionomics And Population Dynamics Of The Dorminant Edible Fungus Insect Pests And Characteristics Of The Insect Communities On Main Edible Fungi

The species of pests and their natural enemies on the main kinds of edible fungi in Shandong Province, the biological characteristics of main pests, the dominant pests dynamics and the community characteristics were studied to lay theoretical foundation for forecasting and integrated control of pests on edible fungi.The species of pests on more than ten kinds of edible fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, Hericium laciniatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Coprinus comatus, Grifola frondosa, were investigated from May, 2007 to January, 2009 in Shandong Province. The species of pests on edible fungi included six Classes, eleven Orders, sixty families; and the species of natural enemies included two Classes, four Orders, seventeen families. The main kinds of pests were dipteran, coleopterous pests and mites. The natural enemies included spiders and parasitic wasps. The number of pests species on edible fungi was related to the varieties, cultivation modes of edible fungi and evironment.The biological characteristics of edible fungi pests such as Lycoriella pleuroti, Pnyxia scabiei, Mycodrosophila poecilogastra, Sciophila sp., Cobolidia fuscipes, were observed, especially Pnyxia scabiei. Pnyxia scabiei can lay 39.4 eggs each female. The developmental duration was 17.5 days from oviposition to eclosion, and the eclosion of the male was 1~2 days earlier than the female. The developmental duration of egg was 3.3 days. The larva had four instars, and the developmental duration of larva and pupa were 10.4 and 3.8 days, respectively. Lycoriella pleuroti with characteristics of ingecting water fed on many kinds of edible fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, Hericium erinaceus and Grifola frondosa. Mycodrosophila poecilogastra mainly damaged Grifola frondosa, Ganoderma lucidum compost and primordium of edible fungi. Cobolidia fuscipes with the characteristics of yellow-taxis and tending to the moist and rotten eviornment seriously impaired the composts of Pleurotus ostreatus, Hericium laciniatum, Agaricus bisporus, Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus citrinipileatus. Sciophila sp. spin and damaged Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus.The population dynamics of main pests on Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, Grifola frondosa, Hericium erinaceus were studied. The number of pests on Pleurotus ostreatus decreased with the temperature decline and was influenced by the use of pesticide (especially flies and natural enemies). But with the degressive effectiveness of pesticide, the population number of mosquito gnats increased much quicker than that of flies. The number of pests on Agaricus bisporus decreased with the descending temperature and humidity in autumn and obviously increased with ascending temperature and humidity in spring. The numbers of pests on Grifola frondosa and Hericium erinaceus peaked in spring and autumn, but were different between two kinds of edible fungi. The kinds, number and occurance periods of pests on edible fungi were varied with kinds of edible fungi, cultivation enviornment and pesticide use. Generally, damage period of mosquitoe gnats was longer than fly maggots.According to investigation, the community characteristics of pests on four kinds of edible fungi were analyzed, including relative abundance and species component of insect communities on ten kinds of edible fungi. Dominant species of insect communities on ten kinds of edible fungi were determined. They were dipteran pests and springtails. Lycoriella pleuroti was the most important dominant species in the investigated pests on most edible fungi. The characteristics and similarity of insect communities of ten kinds of edible fungis and dynamics of insect communities of four kinds of edible fungi were analyzed. Agaricus bisporus, Grifola frondosa, Hericium erinaceus in Liyu Village and Ganoderma lucidum in Taian Academy of Forestry had the higher species richness. Hericium erinaceus in Liyu Village had the highest community dominance, and Grifola frondosa in Xintai had the lowest community dominance and highest community diversity. Agaricus bisporus in Liyu Village had the lowest community diversity. The community characteristics of edible fungus pests was related to varieties, cultivation modes and environment. Ten insect communities were divided into three or four clusters using cluster analysis of the multivariate statistics. The characteristics of all the clusters were analyzed, and the results of cluster were identical with analysis of the community similarity. The dynamics of insect communities on four edible fungi regularly changed with temperatures in spring and autumn, but were also effected by the varieties of edible fungi, cultivation environment, cultivation modes and man-made factors.