| Dendrolimus, typical destructive forestry insects in China, are widely distributed in most areas. The plague of Dendrolimus has caused a great amount of pines die back, leading to enormous economic loss. There are many disputes concerning genetic relationship among some species of Dendrolimus and their taxonomic positions since traditional taxonomic approaches based on morphological observation cannot cope with these kinds which originated from natural hybridization among different species of Dendrolimus insects. Consequently, molecular systematics has attracted more and more attention in solving these taxonomic problems.We mensurated partial sequence of Dendrolimus chondriosome CO I and CO II genes from twelve geographic populations, and analyzed base composition, ratio of transition to transversion, genetic distance, and variable sites of those segments. By using Mega 4.0 and Clustal X software packages and the methods of Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Minimum Evolution (ME), and Maximum Parsimony (MP), we constructed the Dendrolimus molecular phylogenetic tree of different geographic populations and discussed the phylogenetic relationships of them. The results indicated that there was not significant relativity between phylogeny and distribution of these ten Dendrolimus populations. According to molecular phylogenetic tree, the ten Dendrolimus populations were divided into two groups:one group contained populations from Zitong, Changsha, Gutian, Yuxi, Shilin, Lufeng, Tieling, Jinzhou; and the other group included populations from Mojiang, Simao, Anning and Qujing.D. houi Lajonquiere and D. kikuchii Matsumura populations had the closed relationships shown from the Phylogeny tree; D. punctatus, D. punctatus tabulaeformis, D. punctatus spectabilis, D. punctatus tehchangensis Tsai et Liu, D. punctatus wenshanensis Tsai et Liu, D. superans had the closed relationships. The possibility that other hybrid species exist in this population cannot be excluded.
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