| Objective: early finding, diagnosis and therapy were effective methods for preventing esophageal carcinoma. With the development of mechanism of esophageal carcinoma, it was realized that precancerous finding, diagnosis and treatment were of importance. The study of precancerous diagnosis was concerned recently. But there wasn't any feasible method to diagnose precancerous lesion. In this paper, in order to discuss earlier period diagnosis to precancerous lesions, the samples of esophageal carcinoma were detected by the pathology, electron microscope, flow cytometry and glycogen analysis.Methods: 1 The difference was observed between normal epithelium and lesions after washing mucus from mucous membrane by physiological saline through gastroscope and spraying esophagus with 1.5% Lugol's iodine solution. 2 The mucous of esophagus was washed with physiological saline and then with 0.2% alfapsin through gastroscope. After iodine staining, according to pigmenting of mucous membrane, tissue ultrastructure was observed by electron microscope, DNA was assayed and telomerase activity were detected by FC, at same time, allspecimens were confirmed by pathology. 3 The glycogen and protein were extracted after surgical removal specimen (normal and carcinoma tissue confirmed by pathology) and analysed quantity.Results : 1 The result of gastroscope: application of iodine solution led to brown staining of the normal squamous epithelium, less staining compared to the normal epithelium of the atypical hyperplasia, while unstained of cancer tissue.2 The result of pathology: mal-differentiation of epithelial cell of atypical hyperplasia , disorderly arrangment of cells, no polarity, different size of cells, anomalo-shape, larger nucleus, deeper staining, mitotic figure increasing and multinucleate cells detected. When mal-differentiation of epithelial cell reached the whole epithelial layer or penetrated the basement membrane and ingiltrated the submucosa , it was called early cancer.3 The result of scanning electron microscope: normal epithelial cells lined up in order, cell surface was smooth and glossy, distribution of fine relief of cells was orderly, and it arranged regularly, cell border was clear in well-arranged and micro-eminence. Atypical hyperplasia cell border wasn't clear, surface was uneven and thicken, plaque alteration or eyehole occurrence. Fine relief of cell surface distributed unorderly, there were few fine relief in some parts, even seemed bulky, swollen, broken. Among heavy atypical hyperplasia, cell surface appeared deep cavity and fine reliefaround cavity occurred break, pachy-relief, and hardness as cancer cell. The arrangement of epithelial cells of carcinoma was uneven and cell surface was uncompleteness and plaque alteration, the distribution of fine relief of cancer cell surface was similar to heavy atypical hyperplasia and then surface would become deep cavity, some cells border is unclear.4 The result of transmission electron microscope: cancer cell nucleus was enlarged and lopsided development of karyoplasms, morpha-nucleus and bi-nucleus deformity were observed. Nucleus of atypical hyperplasia was larger than normal cell's, so does nucleolus, while smaller than cancer cell's. The cell membrane of atypical hyperplasia and normal cell was integrity, desmosome was clear relatively, while cancer cell membrane was lysed or even extinct; mitochondrion swelled and crista disappeared, rough endoplasmic reticulum swelled significantly even autolysed. The density of glycogen grain in carcinoma cells was lower than that of normal and atypical hyperplasia cells. Cell structure of atypical hyperplasia cell was clear, mitochondrion swelled, glycogen grain was lower than that of normal cell.5 The result of glycogen and protein: there was significant difference in glycogen between the normal tissue and cancer tissue(p < 0.01); The glycogen in normal tissue was higher than that in the cancer,...
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