| The first Chinese recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) was published in 1963 to provide "standards to serve as a goal for good nutrition and preventing from nutrition deficiency disease". The Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for nutrients were published in 2000. In principle, RDAs and DRIs were based on various kinds of evidence. With the economic development and lifestyle pattern changes, the prevalence of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer was gradually increased. The DRIs should be revised not only to fit the nutritional requirement for good health, but also to prevent these chronic diseases.Regarding the food security, the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of nitrate and nitrite were evaluated in the 59th report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, which should be less than 300mg and 4.2mg respectively. However, until now, there is no ADI for aflatoxin (AF). To assess daily intakes of nutrients, AFB1, nitrate and nitrite, a cross-sectional study was undertaken by using duplicate portion technique. The intakes of nutrients, nitrate and nitrite from daily diet were determined and compared with their relevant DRIs or ADIs.Materials and methodsA group of 20 subjects (10 males,10 females) from the college of Public Health, Zhengzhou University was recruited. The Subjects willing to participate in the study and meeting the criteria were selected.The subjects were asked to keep their routine dietary behavior and had duplicated portions of meal, beverages and snacks for three consecutive days. One portion was consumed by the subjects and the another equal portion was collected for laboratory analysis. To avoid the variation of dietary pattern between weekdays and weekends, the food samples were collected from two weekdays and one weekend day.The questionnaire data including personal general information, dietary intake frequency was collected by asking the participants directly. The physical examination of participants including height, weight, blood pressure, waist and hip circumferences was conducted by well trained investigators.The contents of protein, fat, moisture, vitamin C, vitamin A, zinc, calcium, iron, AFB1, nitrate and nitrite in the samples were determined. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume were determined by Sysmex XE-2100 Automatic blood analyzer. Serum vitamin A was determined by liquid phase chromatography.The data were analysed by using SPSS 12.0 software. The results were expressed as mean±SD. The significant level was defined at P<0.05. The Independent-Samples t-test was used to compare the differences of nutrients in diet between two groups of the subjects.ResultsThe average daily dietary intakes of protein for male and female were 73.11±22.65g and 55.19±23.37g respectively; intakes of fat for male and female were 58.91±41.48g and 37.61±20.28g respectively; intakes of carbohydrate for male and female were 439.61±128.91g and 342.37±121.17g respectively; intakes of vitamin A for male and female were 257.73±181.30μgRE and 403.10±309.17μgRE respectively; intakes of vitamin C for male and female were 36.99±33.92mg and 39.53±30.40mg respectively; intakes of calcium for male and female were 487.64±221.28mg and 448.63±204.33mg respectively; intakes of iron for male and female were 30.07±16.90mg and 23.61±13.79mg respectively; intakes of zinc for male and female were 14.75±9.10mg and 9.72±4.23mg respectively.The mean daily intakes of nitrite via diet for male and female were 12.36±4.56mg and 8.73±2.97mg respectively; intakes of nitrate for male and female were 480.02±196.46mg and 388.99±185.32mg respectively; intakes of AFB1 for male and female were 3.34±3.25μg and 1.85±1.02μg.ConclusionCompared with RNIs or AIs values, the daily intake of protein, vitamin A, calcium, iron and zinc for male and female were significantly different. Therefore more reliable information on dietary intake is needed for the further modification of Dietary Reference Intakes in estimating dietary intake level of nutritients in the future.The mean daily intakes of nitrite and nitrate via diet exceeded the ADIs established by JECFA. It is urgently needed to develop measures to monitor and control our food security. According to the results, the AFB1 in meals is detectable. The department of food security and health should strengthen management to prevent food from contamination. |
PDF Full Text Request