Analysis 0f System Of Du Cha Yuan In Ming Dynasty

The supervisory system is extremely important part of Chinese feudal social and politics system. Ming is the penultimate dynasty in Chinese history as well as the period of centralization of the state power. So Zhu Yuanzhang not only inherited previous supervisory system, but also innovated this institution accordingly. One of the characteristic was to combine three institutes of Yu Shi Tai which was built in Tang Dynasty into Du Cha Yuan. Du Cha Yuan which was an important supervisory organ in Ming's central government played a significant role in Ming's political activities. It also had a great effect on Qing's supervisory system. So it is worthwhile and meaningful to do research on this topic. Most of articles just give us a general introduction of whole supervisory system of Ming Dynasty while there are not many articles has studied on it systematically.There are two main parts of this thesis: introduction and text.I illustrate the purpose of writing the thesis that is to understand the significance of Du Cha Yuan in Ming's supervisory system by studying on that of Ming so that it can be a short cut in studying on the whole system. Meanwhile, after studying and analyzing Du Cha Yuan, it also provides that reference for current supervisory system.The text is divided into four chapters. Chapter one begins with the event that Zhu Yuanzhang changed the system of surveillance and built Du Cha Yuan. Then it introduces the process from Yu Shi Tai to Du Cha Yuan after creating, innovating and rebuilding. Based on that, I also analyze the setting and distribution of span of control in Du Cha Yuan system. At last, I have a brief introduction the system of Du Cha Yuan in Nanjing.Chapter two focuses on the right of Du Cha Yuan. Du Cha Yuan had multiple roles and functions. Thanks to snatching both central and local government's administrative and judicial power, its impact almost covers all bureaucracy. Its detailed powers spreaded to the area of government affairs, jurisdiction, economy, military, education and so on.Chapter three analyzes the officers of Du Cha Yuan, including qualification, paths of selection and evaluation. No matter how good a system it is, there have to be some officers to operate. The method or institution of selection of officers should be regarded as a component of supervisory system. The qualification can be divided into positive qualification and negative qualification. And there are two types of paths of selection, one is recommended and another one is examined. There are two ways to evaluate the officers. One is Kao Man, another one is called Kao Cha. After evaluating, officers will get either prize and promotion or punish and demotion.The last chapter illustrates the previous system of Yu Shi Tai and Qing's Du Cha Yuan system as well as the reason why Yu Shi Tai will change to Du Cha Yuan in Ming Dynasty. Then I sort out the relationship between Du Yu Shi and Jian Cha Yu Shi, Du Cha Yuan and Liu Ke, An Cha Si and Jian Cha Yu Shi. At the end, I illustrate the difference effect between earlier periods and middle and later periods by analysis of principles, institutions of surveillance, the supervisory structure, emperor's attitudes and ways of selection and evaluation to provide some references to current supervisory system in China.