Liang Shiyi And The Formation And Development Of Communication Clique

Communication clique is the most important twentieth century, the vested interests of bureaucrats, one of its founders and leaders are LIANG Shiyi (1868-1933). LIANG Shiyi is the scholar-bureaucrats from Guangdong, which in 1894 received jinshi fame. Beam and its main foreign financial advisers Yuan Tong (1860-1938) support into the Postal Department. Postal Department was established in 1906, administered by the cause of all modern transportation, including railways, shipping, postal, telegraph and telephone. In the 1907-1911 year, LIANG Shiyi served as Director General of the railway, the railway Administration is the management of government leading organs of the railway. During this period, LIANG Shiyi the one hand, committed to withdraw from the hands of foreigners the right of railway management, and centralize the other hand, wrist, through its sophisticated political organization and the financial power of a bureaucratic network. Initially, hidden in the shadow of their power and interdependence in the Yuan. When Yuan died in 1916, the beam and the Communication clique began to show the power of their own. In the warlord period, the constant changes they are active in the Northern government, for the next session of the President and the Prime Minister to provide the support. When the Manchurian warlord Chang Tso-lin when the Beijing government control, LIANG Shiyi I also served as the government's prime minister. Until the KMT before the Northern Expedition in 1927, China's most important rail transport systems are members of the control in the hands of many of them have at various times served as cabinet ministers Beijing.In addition to this introduction, epilogue, is divided into four parts:The first part are described LIANG Shiyi of the early political life, from scholars to change the railway Secretary.1903 "Economic Hedo" the Yuan and Tang Shao-yi LIANG Shiyi received the attention and the future of the cause of a decisive significance. In 1906, the Postal Department was founded, LIANG Shiyi, full of knowledge and the impact of Yuan Shikai, the Postal Department to enable it to build an extraordinary influence. In 1907, the appointment of the Secretary General to make the railway LIANG Shiyi in strengthening government control of the railway has played a very important role, but also enabled him to build the railway services within the power of a faction of their own bureaucracy.The second part are described LIANG Shiyi bureaucratic political strategy and communications department of origin. LIANG Shiyi institutions in the Postal Department the status of the railway transportation system has become an important power base, and its constant in the Postal Department and the railway an important part of the bureaucratic system, placed his own cronies, most important of these people are by Ye, Guan Geng Lin, Guan Jun and Zhao Qinghua such as crown, led by LIANG Shiyi they become the backbone of transport system. Although LIANG Shiyi and transportation systems in the 1909-1911 year Zhengchao been a serious challenge, but they firmly grasp control of the railway. LIANG Shiyi and transportation systems strong enough to resist the attacks from political opponents and prove they have strength.The third part are described the relationship between early Republic of China Yuan LIANG Shiyi and its impact on the transportation system. In 1912-1916 years, LIANG Shiyi transportation system under the leadership of President Yuan Shikai to become one of the main pillars of the throne, Yuan Liang need financial advice, rail transport system in the business of financial management capacity and influence in the banking sector. Liang Yuan hidden in the traffic department, the successful control of the railway and the Bank, and the influence extended to the Government's financial sector. In this process, the communication clique as an important early Republican politics and political forces. In the 1915-1916 years of the monarchy during exercise, LIANG Shiyi and traffic department will closely tied with Yuan Shikai himself with a chariot. When the monarchy movement failed when LIANG Shiyi and transportation system will fall down from the pinnacle of power.The fourth part of the sub-organizational characteristics of the Department of Transport and political attributes. Traffic Department in the process of tissue formation can be obvious that the traditional social relations dominated, such as relatives, the World friendship, fellow teachers and students, Executive subordinates, the same year (school), my colleagues, in-laws and other relations sworn. These relationships combined with a link in a transportation system at the same time, in its interior there is a set of comprehensive organizational structure for the transport system to provide a combination of strong support.Epilogue focuses on LIANG Shiyi and communication clique in Late Qing Dynasty during the transition, shown by the properties of special interest groups, their activities in the political life of more forces will be attached to the embodiment of political power, and rarely self-determination in Dominant role in the transport system so difficult to find the body often reflect contradictory statements and behavior.