Research And Analysis On The Formation Of "Congressional Government" Of The U.S.A. In The Late 19～(th) Century

The Constitution of the U.S.A. began with the American Congress, and endowed it constitutional rights and responsibilities, which reflected the high status of congress in the minds of the founders of the United States. Up to the present time, the Congress has been considered the basis of American democratic systems. However, the expansion of the powers of the President seems to submerge the status and influence of American Congress as one of the three parts of the government since the 20th century. At the same time, it also influences Chinese scholars' understanding and evaluations of the American Congress; the academic circles have no enthusiasms in the study of American Congress, and there is a trend that the study of the "Congressional Government" in the late 19th century is ignored by scholars.The basis of the theory in this paper is the establishment of the "Congressional Government" in the late 19th century. The accurate meaning of the "Congressional Government" was the governmental operating mechanics with the Congress as the political power center under the governmental system of the separation of the three powers in the late 19th century. The structure of the powers in the late 19th century America was in essence "a government with the Congress as the supreme power and the most important policy-deciding setup" .The chief problem that will be solved in this paper is the reason of the formation of the "Congressional Government" of the U.S.A. in the late 19th century. Its formation is a complicated and systematic operating process and the reasons are not easily grasped. Just as Laski said "Systems are alive and the mysteries in them could hardly be expressed in words" . In this paper the author attempts to illustrate the reason of the formation of the "Congressional Government" from four perspectives, which is the body of the paper.First, the design of the Constitution was the innate advantage of the formationof the "Congressional Government" . "Congressional Government" was the result of the changes of the Constitution since the foundation of the II. S. A. , and the design of the Constitution of the founders was the innate advantage of its formation. The concepts of the founders' Constitution, the high status of the Congress as "the first part of the Constitution" and the active role it plays in the system of Checks and Balances lay solid foundations for the Congress to become the center of the political powers of the U.S.A. in the late 19th century.Second, the reconstruction of the South was the turning point of the quick elevation of the "powers of the Congress. The reconstruction of the South became the main theme of the political life of the U. S after the Civil War. The Congress and the President began to compete fiercely around powers centered aroud the problem of the contents, ways and leaderships of the reconstruction of the south .During the competition against the President for the leadership of the South. Congress, led by the Republican Party, continuously reduced the powers of the President with the power endowed by the Constitution and the conformity of the Congress itself , which, especially the Congress ' impeachment of President Johnson, cracked down the authority of the President and expanded the space of the development for the Congress.Thirdly, the "Congressional Government" is a historical intersection of the changes of the decentralization systems after the Civil War. As is known, the U. S is a nation with the separation of power, which is a power structure of "a pattern of hierarchical separation of powers" . In the late 19th century, the changes of the separation of powers led to the expansion of powers of the Congress, and the changes of the federal system led to the strengthening of the power of the Federal Government, most of which flew to the Congress. Up to the late 19th century, the changes of the separation of powers intersected with each other and the leading position of the Congress in American political life became more prominent. In some sense, the "Congressional...