The Organization, Administration And Conflict In Building And Protecting The Main Dykes At The Middle-lower Reaches Of Han River During Ming-Ch'ing Period

During Ming-Ch 'ing period, there was an evident space-time discrepancy on both of the personnel assignment administration and the means of accumulating funds in the profession of building and protecting to the main dykes at the middle-lower reaches of Han River.First, on the special discrepancy, both Ming and Ch'ing state government attached much more importance to the dykes which would affect the overall situation, such as Shayang Dyke, Xiangyang Old-dragon Dyke, the main dykes lie in Zhongxiang county and Jingshan county, while comparably ignored the dykes that playing second hand fiddle in eyes of government, both in organization and capital arrangement. On the other hand, the role that the assistant magistrates in charge of water works, residing intendants, prefects and the local magistrates, and the local elite having had been playing as well as the means by which the emperor's court sponsored funds was both varying with time. The assistant magistrate in charge of water works played the main role at the last stage of Ming dynasty till the earlier stage of Ch'ing. While from middle stage of Ch'ing dynasty on, prefect and the local magistrate took the place of the assistant magistrate in charge of water works, becoming the primary organizers in concrete affairs. The way of the national capital past through from Guantang, Jijinshengxi, Likin, Shangjuan, as time went by.The most important change was that the gentry substituted the authority, beginning to perform the responsibility of supervision and administration from the initial stage of the Xianfeng emperor's court. Furthermore, the source of fund of the dykes lying in the commercial towns, such as Laohekou, Fancheng, Yuekou, Hanyang, all came from the local dealers and handcraftmen's contribution, and it was the gentry traders who performing the organization power in building these dykes, which was an important characteristics on the building and protecting tothe main dykes locating at the middle-lower reaches of Han River.In this career, the relation between the national power and the local society was always changing in trends. The national power have had been generally performing the responsibility of supervision and organization before the Xianfeng emperor's court of Ch 'ing , and the local gentry and the dyke tithe of specific affairs. But from the beginning of earlier days of Xianfeng emperor's court, the relation changed. The nation's administration and control for building and protecting main dykes languored sharply, while that of the local society tended to be formidable, as soon as the vast majority of capital and officials were thrown into suppressing the warfare.