The Guanlong Group And The Shandong Force In The Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui And Early Tang Period

This thesis is on the vicissitudes of the Guanlong Group from the Western Wei dynasty to the early Tang dynasty as well as the relation between the Shandong Force and that, based on the theory of Guanlong Group by Chen Yin-que and the relative research by Mao Han-guang, etc. With a view to the relation of the Guanlong Group and the Shandong Force, the core of this paper is to study the internal evolution rules of imperial courts and the inter-relationships of various local groups (forces) during the Western Wei,Northern Zhou,Sui and early Tang Period. This paper includes five chapters and one appendix.The first chapter, the foundation and internal dividing line of the Guanlong Group during the Western Wei dynasty, discusses the foundation of the Guanlong Group, which included various personages from the ethnic groups of Hu and Han, based on the Western Wei dynasty which established by the imperial family of Yuan-Wei manipulating by Yuwen Tai in Guanlong during the late Northern Wei. What is known as the Guanlong Group, was a local group that combined the Hans and the Hus. In the group, the Xianbeis in Liuzhen or the Xianbei knights were the main body, and also included the local despotics as well as the Shangdong personages of the Western Wei. In the 16th of Datong, the official foundation of The Fubing system also marked the form of the Guanlong Group. By concretely analyzing the generals of Fubing in the Western Wei dynasty, we can draw a conclusion that there were three kinds of forces in the Guanlong Group , i.e. the knights in Liuzhen whose leader was Yuwen Tai, the Shandong personages following the Western Wei, and the despotics in Guanlong. In these forces, the knights in Liuzhen were the main part, the Shandong personages played an important role, and the despotics in Guanlong were subordinate. The power, status and importance of the despotics in Guanlong were below the Shandong personages all along.The second chapter, Guanlong Group, Shandong Force and the political situation in the Wei Zhou times. The conflict and struggle on the Western Wei dynasty between Shandong personages and Liuzhen personages in the Guanlong Group, led to the replace of the Western Wei by the North Zhou. After the downfall of the North Qi dynasty, the Shandong personages in Guanlong district combined with that in the North Qi again and separated from the Guanlong Group in the end. As a result, the new local force, which was composed mainly of these personages, was rose as the corresponding force of the Guanlong Group, and took an important influence on the political situation from the North Zhou dynasty to the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty. In the late of the North Zhou dynasty, Yang Jian who was the upper of Guanlong , founded the Sui dynasty replacing the North Zhou dynasty, with the aid of the united support of the Guanlong Group and the Shandong Force.The third chapter, the dethronement of Crown Prince Yong and the changes of political situation from the Sui dynasty to the Tang dynasty. This chapter is on the Crown Prince Yong was suspicious of Emperor Sui Wendi for his attempt on the combination with the Guanlong Group and the Shandong Force. On the pretext of the clique event on Lu Kai in the 12^th of Kaihuang and the dismissin event on Gao Jiong in the 19^th of Kaihuang, the Shangdong Force, which was loyal to Crown Prince Yong, was weakened by Sui Yangdi. In the 17^th of Kaihuang, the Liu Jushi event made the juniors of senior officials weakened, which included Guanlong juniors and Shandong juniors and were loyal to Crown Prince Yong. For these, Crown Prince Yong was deposed in the20th of Kaihuang and replaced by Jin Prince Guang. After ascending the throne, Emperor Sui Yangdi, i.e. Jin Prince Guang, appointed Jianghuai personages by his own favoritism and hit the force belonging to Crown Prince Yong continually. However, these forces still had considerable power and played an important role in the turbulence in the late Sui dynasty, although were hit by Sui Wendi and Sui Yangdi successively. The regicide of Sui Yang Di by Yuwen Huaji in Jiangdu, the dispatching troops by Li Yuan in Jinyang and his success, were also related to these forces.The fourth chapter, the rise of the Tang dynasty and the Shangdong Force. After a series of events, such as the dethronement of Crown Prince Yong, the rebellion by Han Prince Liang, and the rebellion by Yang Xuan-gan, etc. the Shandong Force was hit sternly by Sui Wendi and s Sui Yangdi. Hence, the Shandong Force in office was weakened gradually, and that not in office became the main resistible force to the Sui dynasty in the era of Daye. Many personages from the Shandong Force submit to Li Yuan in the late era of Daye, and became the main role of rebellion by Li Yuan when he was garrisoned in Taiyuan. The political prophesy was very prevail in the Sui dynasty. It was not only the custom which sourced from Eastern Wei and North Qi times relating to political struggle but also the major tie between the Shandong Force and the Guanlong Group. Political prophesies, especially the old those from Shandogn distract, were often used as appeal by Li Yuan, and play an important role for the rise of the Tang dynasty in the late of Sui dynasty.The fifth chapter, summary: the Guanlong Group and the Shandong Force in the Western WeiyNorthern Zhou,Sui and early Tang Period. This part summarizes the evolution and relation between the Guanlong Group and the Shandong Force from the Western Wei dynasty to the Tang dynasty. The forefathers of the Yuwen-Zhou ,the Yang-Sui and Li-Tang, had rather close relations with Shandon district. It is an important reason that there was close link between the Guanlong Group and the Shandong Force all along.The last part, appendix: the political prophesy in Yecheng and the politic and social changes of the Northern dynasty. Political prophesy had an important role in the controversy that moved the capital of the Northern wei dynasty to Yecheng or Luoyang. After moving the capital to Yecheng, The political prophesy in Yecheng began into it's prosperous stage. The close link between The political prophesy in Yecheng and politics in the Eartern wei and Northern Qi dynasty, led to the magnify of political prophesy in society and promoted the downfall of the Northern Qi dynasty by the Northern Zhou dynasty. Although the political prophesy in Yecheng was vanished gradually after the Northern Qi dynasty, it still had a potential influence. The rise of Yinshi, and the administrative problem of Yecheng from the Northern Qi to Sui and Tang dynasty, all had a close tie with the political prophesy in Yecheng. In a word, the political prophesy in Yecheng, as the result of the special politics and society in the Northern dynasty, had an profound influence on the changes of politics from the Northern dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasty.Since the found of the theory of Guanlong Group by Chen Yin-que, the dispute is more aimed at the Liuzhen and the Guanlong composition of the Guanlong Group, but relatively neglects the Shandong composition. The antithesis between the Guanlong Group and the Shandong force is more discussed, but the relation and interaction between the two as well as the consequent changes of social is less mentioned by scholars. Therefore, the studies on the above mentioned will be useful to understand deeply the historical proceed from the Western Wei dynasty to the former Tang dynasty.