Research On The Composition Of Peking Government's Bureaucracies (1916-1928)

The opposition between the nation and the society has been standing out before the period of modern national state.From the angle of the composition of Chinese power ,the authorities have been attempting to prevent the society from expanding its power into the state via official-selecting systems.Generrally speaking,official-selecting systems are the main channels from which bureaucracies come,before the society change drastically.During the late Qin Dynasty,the traditional paths were cut off because of the abolition of examination system(ke ju) in 1905.Although the beiyang government established the official-selecting systems based on exams,the bureaucrats didn't generate by way of exams.Under such circumstance.the conventional personal relationship such as district link, blood link, teacher-student or classmate link, marital link etc ,played an important role in the selection of bureaucracies.During the period of governmence by Beiyang warlord,with the extensive transformation of modern chiese society .officials were selected more and more professionally,as a result,graduates, soldiers and former bureaucracies of Qin Dynasty constituted the main body of the bureautic society of the central government.In addition,the mixture between warlords and experts,parties and cliques aggravated the complex political situation.nevertheless,astonishingly,the bureaucratic team of the Beiyang government kept relatively steady in general inspite of the unsteady political surroundings,which on the other hand,caused inability of the government.This was the main reason of administrative inefficiency of the Beuyang government.