Research On Financial Crisis At The End Of Jin Dynasty

The financial revenue in Jin dynasty include cess, monopolistic taxes, miscellaneous taxes, legal revenue and year-coin. Cess include local tax, ground rent and material resources money. The organize of Nvzhen Menganmouke pay cattle head tax, the feudalism landlord and the land-holding peasant who are Han nationality accept summer and autumn taxes. The monopolization has salt, liquor, bend, tea, vinegar, incense, vitriol, pellet, tin and iron .Miscellaneous levies do not have rule, before regular age miscellaneous levies be really not very high, under occurrence war and the like special case but, state revenue and expenditure expenses is doubled and redoubled, the deficit part makes up coming needing to depend on miscellaneous levies then. Revenues and disbursement of the Jin dynasty are grain and money mainly. During the periods of Jinshizong, various grain expenses being able to deal with the government during a certain era only right away by land tax, still has tow or three million surplus; Above approximately eleven million coins the finance coin general revenue, disburse roughly in ten million coins or so, also briefly, the coins revenues and expenses balances, has a bit a surplus. Coming across extraordinary condition may expend elasticity by the fact that the income increasing miscellaneous levies expands the government's. Explain that the accident disbursement is flexible besides the government still had very big making do for at that time.Coming across extraordinary condition may expend elasticity by the fact that the income increasing miscellaneous levies expands the government's. Explain that the accident disbursement is flexible besides the government still had very big making do for at that time. Have natural calamities is frequent , the Huanghe River triple breaches a dike greatly, repair the huge project administering Huanghe River and building the north part boundary trench, internal inflated departments , extravagant use are gradually addd the government's burden, bring about reign enters not charge what be taken place financial straits or difficulties at the end of Jinzhangzong. To the Jin dynasty last years of a dynasty or reign effect because of various factor, finance difficult position is outstanding especially.In 1206, Genghis khan scrapes independent warlords even , finally accomplishes the Mongolia highland every part's unified. In 1121, there has been launched war toward Jin dynasty in February. The army pushes deep time, loots wantonly, the Jin governs area straightly to suffer enormous loss. Once again, soldier goes down south in 1212, the Mongolia soldier to reach long of half a year around middle. The feasible agriculture produces war the successive years having met with a maximum destroy, Huanghe River extensive area of north and south , decaying are especially grave. War complies with the government finance being expending and taking in at the same time prompt effect in two aspects.The Jin dynasty and the Xixia regime war have also involved very big golden energy at the same time. From 1210 to 1224, the Xixia regime has not stayed till now to golden military affairs offensive , attacking brushes none Jin-Xia frontier prefecture army city stockade not meet with Xia army, often reaches number arms in ten not stopping , is that the Jin regime has brought about the heavy financial burden.Exchequer is void because of chaos caused by war the successive years , the Jin regime can only raise a military expenditure by the way oppressing and exploiting common people unceasingly, this has enlarged burden of the people imperceptibly , the result exploiting excessively has it is creation to resist. The way that grudge of the people resists for a long time also with armed forces breaks out out, is that the famous red gold powder Chinese-style coat army is big revolt. The red Chinese-style coat saves self though big uprisings of army being everywhere people's measure, but experience flame of war to the full extent devastating the day after tomorrow, field heavy losses of Hebei, Shandong. The Jin regime is to put down an uprising , consume large amount of military strength, financial resources surely, this has led to government income decrease, the military spending increasing by directly , has brought about financial straits or difficulties. Participating in main part revolting at the same time is that the north tenant peasant and Quding agriculture producers , they lay down a hoe, participate in an uprising , the agriculture childbirth being out of practice, affecting, the finance cutting down the government thereby bringing about large amount of land take in this necessity.At the end of Jin dynasty, natural calamities are also to lead to a important cause of government financial crisis. What be happened natural calamities almost is close to secondary Weishao king till destroyed of Jin dynasty twenty-five years, have all natural calamities of Jin generation's half. The impact of frequency hair over government finance embodies in three aspect natural calamities mainly: One is government's direct tax revenue lessening, two is that the government needs to be on the march to victims of a natural calamity aid, three are the inflation of prices that shortage leads to, and then the budgetary income affecting the government from goods and materials.In 1207, the Jin dynasty official number already is numerous of annual Zhangzong three times, bureaucratic apparatus swelling speed, government keep official's expenses also becoming the financial straits or difficulties crux. Last years of a dynasty or reign, government expenses are insufficient to Jin dynasty, large amount of the phenomenon exempting and reducing the government official's salary appears even. Be also that much soldiers of government official are few in troops; nine shepherds look after ten sheep. The soldier is few but the officer is many, combat effectiveness having weakened Jin Jun gravely.In 1214, the government moved the capital to Nanjing in May. Hebei was main area that was attacked by the Mongolia soldiers. The war affects heavy losses, the agriculture produces at that time meet with destroy, the farmland self-service plows, can only be desolations, overgrown with underbrush. Shandong two roads round of soldier leathers, condition is neither sanguine. Beijing road and East Liaoning road etc., ten thousand fresh slaves wait for what the influence setting up a separatist regime by force of arms accounts for Puxianwannu, or being occupied by Mongolia now and then, being not able to already control by Jin regime or. Accommodating oneself to that the gold regime depends on mainly is Henan, Shaanxi area. Xuanzong moves the capital to Nanjing with announcing, vigorous safety seeks gram of have garrison troops or peasants open up wasteland and grow food grain family also entering Henan, they discard original land, the nothing has livelihood, depends on the government to supply the life maintaining completely. Have large amount of north people who goes into exile because of chaos caused by war having come this far at the same time more, this give the bigger gold finance strike being coming out at the elbows.Year-coin revenue losing is also the key factor which affects the finance. In 1215, Song dynasty stops losing year-cion to Jin dynasty formally, already pays before here for two years since Meng-Jin war composes in reply a Jin dynasty civil strife but not losing. Now and then, the Jin regime is tired out being encroached by Mongolia military affairs, crack all loss, soldier knit decayed, launch but regardless of the consequences casually to Song war, border explaining that the gold regime already was in economy breakdown at that time, be too fond of Zhan local god of the land, loot property, compel rope year currency to be lured to the person very big, would rather adopt this way drinking a turtledove quenching self's thirst, to look forward to doing final conducting desperate struggles.Dilapidated pressed, national with each passing day frontage finance scene with day injustice, the gold regime has to adopt various measures, to look forward to resolving financial straits or difficulties. Be going to raise price in a short time, be that method convenient and rapid is that carrying out currency creates, large amount of issue paper money "delivers a bank note" most. Definitely may inflation happened in that the currency amount of distribution exceeds the required currency of middle amounts circulating. The currency distribution right grasps in hand of government, being able to say inflation process is just that the government surplus the public wealth process. Because of government financial insolvency travel funds, have to set seal bank note machine in motion, make out currency without ground, to make up bad state of financial resources.The economic downturn, a shortage of grain, are to resolve financial straits or difficulties, the line accepts a millet filling up government official law, Buddhist monks and nuns spends certificate, purple clothes division number etc. even enumerating in betraying that besides Jin dynasty is increasing tax. Being able to provide army provisions for self or not looks on the officer as the condition being promoted at the same time under the situation that the country can not supply the soldier grain ration completely. Have accepted a millet adding supplemental a government official though law may resolve decayed part political affairs deficit, have aggravated but further disorderly corruption of bureaucrat team with work styles and achievements of officials.That Jin regime castigates person be descendants most, is Landi being related. Announce after Xuanzong moving in the south, north of the Huanghe River be repeatedly soldier fire, field are overgrown with underbrush, common people thing food, has a businessman to traffic grain from Henan making a profit to Hebei thereupon, the Jin government is to resolve whose inside grain under-supply problem, in 1215, announcing increase bars law of buying in along river, ten fetches it's eight, strictly forbids private interests cross. The grain that the effectuation buying in waits for to have broken off Hebei thereupon stems from a door screen. The army commissariat money must be that the gold is hit by one extremely important item on behalf of the government budgetary revenue. Jin dynasty later stage, Mongolia an all-out offensive, both and have the war with the Xixia regime, Southern Song Dynasty, territory greater part are ruined especially in announcing to move in the south, regular year class can only deal with a military spending by adding army commissariat money much impossibly.The way that the Jin regime adopts in solving the grave financial crisis is dangerous. Can only deal with the short-term short-supplied finance problem, can not have resolved , have produced on the contrary the evil consequence being more grave from going ahead long-termly but. Since issuing currency as brushing means, excessive issue of bank notes plundering, have brought about grave hyperinflation. Prices overflows to soar unlimitedly, has made extensive people lose final trust and hope also to the gold government while producing panic to life. Panic and the society turbulence, end up popular feeling soon being foreboding the Jin regime.Untill Xuanzong moving the south, Jin dynasty finance already has lost living Shizong completely during a certain era deal with the elasticity outside regular financial expenditure. War the successive years, natural calamities, already compose grave financial straits or difficulties plus ample bureaucratic apparatus. The Jinregime is that economy collapses more pressed with each passing day hundred li, also all round not only. Punish person during the period of answering a financial crisis, the effective finance not only not being in progress reforms, on the contrary, the knowledge increases tax rate blindly , does not stint making an inflation even, that inflation crisis reality reports is economy effect politics, politics reacts against final the entire proceeding of economy result, not only being able to not relieve a financial crisis, have aggravated a financial crisis on the contrary, have accelerated Jin dynasty 's becoming extinct.