The National Congress Representative's Election Process

The word of national congress, first sees in Mr.Sun Yat-Sen's legacy teachings. Simple saying, it is an organization for people to exercise their civil rights. The national congress exercises the central dominion power, which people can supervise the government directly.The national congress of making constitution was an important organization in the laster stage of Nanjing government period.The Kuomintang, Communist Party and various democracy party groupings carried on many negotiations and consultations about some related questions of the national congress, there are also complex contradictions and struggles in it. The academic circle has carried on certain discussions about the process which the national congress convenes, as well as constitution. There are also some works has been published, but there is not any research on representations election up to now.According to the nation founding program prescriptions, the establish procedure divides into three phases, named military administration, allocution politics and constitutional government. In October, 1928, the Nanjing National Government already unified the nation formly, formulated constitute allocution politics guiding principle,implementation allocution politics. In June, 1929, promulgated "Chinese Kuomintang Party Allocution Politics Guiding Principle", afterwards formulated and promulgated"Republic of China allocution politics Time Provisional constitution" to decide the allocution politics time is 6 years, completed to 1935. In 1936, obeyed Sun Yat-Sen's will, convened the national conference, facilitated the constitutional government, was authorized to the elected people government. But as aresult of all sorts of reasons, it has been postponed many times, until 1946 the constitution congress has been convened. Because of the long lasting, the domestic political situation changed greatly, therefore the election means and the quota of people often adjusted, so , we must know the postponed situation of national congress first.In order to carry on the elect work of national congress, on May 14, 1936, the national government published "National Congress Constitutive law" (the following call "Constitutive law") and"National Congress Represented Electoral law" (the following call"Electoral law"), on May 21, 1937, "Electoral law" had been published after revision. After the two laws announcement, represents election business committee of the national congress, also drawed up "National Congress Represent Electoral law Procedure Rules ", presented to the national government , and announced on June 4,1937 after revision. On March 1, 1946, also announced "National Congress Represent Election Supplement Rule" (the following call"Election Supplement Rule"), in the same year "Constitutive law" also revised on April 10 by the Legislative Yuan conference, presents to the national government announced on April 17.According to these laws, the Nanjing government has successively established the elect organization, has been clear about the legal election procedure and the election measures.The election of national congress represents , divides into the region election, the professional organization elects, the special election and choose selects. represents election is origination,during the process it may encounter kinds of difficulities, specially because of the current political situation, the environment influence,the election work is filled with difficulties, even take a step hardly. When under the normal situation cannot defer to "Electoral law"selects the representative, uses chooses selects measure.。 The region and occupation election method has been mentioned in front,under the elects total office, supposes provinces ,yuanxia municipality (special municipality), the Mongolia and Tibet elects office and so on, its governs counties, the areas or the same level region establishes elects office, under the lead of higher authority, responsible for the concrete election business.According to the stipulat of "Electoral law" , elects the office inspector general in places national congress representative, supervises by the government puts in order the social bureau the area, guarantees, the armor and the professional organization yifakeri is composed. The region representative candidate in various counties selects by area county head, mayojointly elects, the election area is equipped with the city,is long by the work place (is equal to now subdistrict office director) participates elects. The region representative's election means, according to "Electoral law" announced on May 14, 1936, by each election area in county head of, mayor the various counties, jointly elected the candidate which ten time of Yu Gaiqu should leave represents the quota of people, assigned 3 time of Yu Gaiqu by the national government on the center to be supposed to leave representative's quota of people is the candidate, again selected 1 person by each election area voter in light of this candidate in. This means, revised after May, 1937, cancelled assigns 3 time of candidates' stipulations by the national government.About the occupation election method, according to the stipulation by various provinces and cities professional organization's executionin stitution staff member, elects 3 times the candidate which should leave to various associations represents the quota of people, again member which has the voting right by each this association, in the candidate the circle chooses 1 person. The liberal professions association elects and representative's election of the candidate, its procedure is same. As for the participation election each kind of professional organization, once local controlling organization putting on record was only limited to by the electoral law announcement before, its association organized to have several levels, regarding elected and representative's election on behalf of the candidate, carried on by association's most basic unit.For example the peasant association in the county is respective township peasant association, in the city is the area peasant association, the trade union is respective each industry trade union, the chamber of commerce is respective each industry trade association.According to "Electoral law" 2nd 1st section stipulation that, "According to region method selecting 665",provinces and the Chihli Executive Yuan's city should leave the national congress representative's quota ,could been seen in the attached list one of "Electoral law". Various province and city regions'representatives totally is 557, the production coutants Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui,Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Xikang, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu,Qinghai, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, the Suiyuan,Ningxia, Xinjiang, Nanjing, Shanghai, Qingdao, Xijing and so on 25 provinces and cities. Has not selected or unreported elects have Shandong, Hebei, Chahar, Peking, Tianjin and so on 5 provinces and cities, counts 108. This 5 provinces and cities representative election work because of the current political situation, falls into the difficult situation. Since 9·18 emergency, Japan unceasingly invaded the North China area,creates the disturbances many times, causes 5 provinces and cities continuously under the brink of war, the election is unable carry on normally.According to "Electoral law" 2nd 2nd section stipulation, national congress representatives "according to professional method selecting out 380". This quota of people, may respectively be: Various provinces and cities farmer professional organization selects 322; The nation liberal professions association selects 58. Lifts the Tianjin professional organization election situation as a example. Before the Sino-Japanese War, Tianjin's professional organization elects because of the circumstance is difficult have not be carries on as scheduled, so region election did. after the Sino-Japanese War comprehensive eruption, the environment changed badly, the election then falls into the stop condition in fact. After the Sino-Japanese War victory, the election work resume.According to the "Constitutive law" announced on May, 1936 ,Kuomintang party central executive committee member, central member of the controller, certainly represented for the national congress.After revised "Constitutive law" in April, 1937, the scope of certainly representative has been expanded, Kuomintang party central candidate executive committee member, candidate member of the controller, also as certainly representive. Meanwhile to "Electoral law" the 2nd 4th section increase for national government assigning 240, this item assigns the representative, because the national assembly convenes the date to postpone repeatedly, therefore had not always proposed.At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War wins, all the people long for peace, hoped establishes the coalition government in China, in addition the Kuomintang government has not completed prepear well to starts the civil war at that time, under this kind of situation, Kuomintang agreed convenes byvarious parties and groups participation political consultative conference, in January, 1946 the political consultative conference convened, the conference proposed the discussion regarding the national congress represatative, the agreement result,cancelled certainly representives and assigns the representative, increase parties and social representative 700, this700 number, replaced "Electoral law" the original national government assigned representative 240, Central holds withthe Kuomintang party supervises committee member and the candidate holds supervises committee member for certainly to represent 460 sums.In the same year in March, the national government announces "Election Supplement Rule", its 2nd 1st section stipulation: "By national government directly choosing 700."The national congress representative's election process is complex,the current situation change, the environment factor, the artificial reason, all can make this process to be more complex, all possibly causes the different result appearance finally. Although this election has been came through many changes, it is much more difficulties, but still has a quite defined result to present in front of us.Tianjin national congress region representative Gan She Tang as central Investigation Bureau Tianjin district magistrate, Wang Renyuangoes as Education Ministry Hebei director for youth back to school, Li Mexican holds the Tianjin jifu road special branches of the kuomintang party organized along professional lines, Shi Zizhou as Tianjin temporary representative assembly leader, the Wen Shiyuan holds the committee for beining road, special branches of the kuomintang party organized along professional lines, all of the 5 representatives are the Nationalist or the official, the Nationalist or the official account for 100% in the Tianjin region .candidate representative in the region have 3 also once for the Nationalist or the official, two societies representative also support Kuomintang, obviously see that the majority of the elected represents is the Nationalist or the official, the democratic personage, the ordinary populace accounts for the proportion to be extremely few, such representative composed the national congress was cannot really reflect the public opinion. After analysis the personal records about region and the professional organization represent of Tianjin and Peking, may infer that in the national congress representative, the Nationalist and the official account for the proportion is extremely high, at least above 60%, few although is not the Nationalist or the official, also is the person which supports Kuomintang. The national congress representative is at the national implementation general election, elects own by the ordinary populace representative, finally actually turned the organization which was composed by the overwhelming majority national party members, the representative electe has became a political game.The national congress is Mr.Sun Yat-Sen's big political design,also is a beginning of modern China democratic history, the positive sense this national congress represents should be affirmed, this is the modern Chinese people's beneficial attempt whichstep to democracy .However this national congress election from beginning to end is all controlled by the Kuomintang. Therefore, although the representatives are elected underthe legal stipulation , even may neglect some of its questions, but still could not cover the whole flaw of election, could not change the national congress's non- publicopinion nature.