State Debit-and-credit Activity In Warring States Period

In Warring States Period, activity of debit-and-credit was extremely active. According to the bilateral status of debit-and-credit, it's divided into "State Debit-and-credit" and "Civilian Debit-and-credit". The difference between state debit-and-credit and civilian debit-and-credit is that its goal is not merely in order to obtain the benefit in the economical, moreover has also contained many political benefits. In order to unfold state debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period clearly, there have some discussion on this question in the article. Some unearthed literatures and handed down for generations literatures are collected and analyzed. The basic situation of state debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period is elucidated, through the essential historic fact and with the combination of history and theory. The understanding of state debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period may further strengthen to understand the entire debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period and even the entire Warring States social economy development condition.The preface part introduce present research situation of state debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period. Regarding this matter, until now, no one has haven a detailed study in the academia. Debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period should belong to a economic activity, but state debit-and-credit activity has included some politics purpose except including economy purpose. We would understand deeply on the function and the influence of this activity, only when understand the basic situation of state debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period. There also defines the "State Debit-and-credit" in preface part, the meaning of "State Debit-and-credit Activity" is which debit-and-credit activity that country or government is creditor.In the first chapter, there are two sections. First, analyzed the object of debit-and-credit activity, just was the status of debtor. Mainly according to《Bao Shan Chu Jian》and《ShuiHuDi Qin Jian》, thought that the mainly object of state debit-and-credit is the farmer, meanwhile ,it also includes some small handicraftsmen and businessmen. Secondary, this article has discussed the post of official who take charge the debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period. Because of the difference in official system between various countries in Warring States period, and the official post that take charge the state debit-and-credit activity is not to be fixed responsibly, this article enumerates the partial official posts briefly, according to the material in《Bao Shan Chu Jian》,《Shui Hu Di Qin Jian》and《Guan Zi》. Base on the analysis to the partial official post responsible duty, the conclusion is possibly that there is no special official post take charge state debit-and-credit in Warring States period.Second chapter mainly elaborated the content of debit-and-credit, it is divided into two big kinds: Material object and Currency. The material object part is extremely widespread, including: seed, grain, production tool, domestic animal, bondsman, land. The most loans are face to the agricultural production, they belong to agricultural loan, there are also included some aiding debit-and-credit. Since development of commodity economy, all kinds of currency more and more widely is used in the life. In the debit-and-credit activity, the currency origin mainly has two aspects. On the one hand is the central government investment. On the other hand is the local government's fund. As a whole looked, the content of state debit-and-credit activity in Warring States period, is that material object and currency form exist side by side, combine mutually.Third chapter elaborated the form which debit-and-credit activity, including some questions of the time limit, the payment ability examination, the repayment way and the bargain. The time limit is generally according to different use of loan stipulate different time. On the whole, all the stipulations have reasonable basis. Taking agricultural loan as example, the time limit is abided by the agriculture producing rule. In The payment ability examination part, mainly elaborated that country or government would decided whether makes loans as well as makes loans quantity how many, after the examination. About the repayment way question, this article mainly elaborated debt repayment content and way. Includes: grain repayment, gold repayment, original repayment and service repayment. Service repayment should be one kind passive and coercive repayment way. In the bargain part, bargain used by the activity of debit-and-credit was named "Fu Bie", which is made of woodiness and bamboo. The form is that brush-written Chinese character on the bargain, and then, one divided into two, both sides of the debit-and-credit would take one part. It's function is one kind of credit certificate and the lawsuit legal basis.The fourth chapter elaborated the social function that state debit-and-credit activity in Warring State period. First, it can promote the small peasant economy and the petty commodity economy development. Secondly, state debit-and-credit activity is one of national control economy methods. Thirdly, state debit-and-credit activity is able to restrict usury. Finally, state debit-and-credit activity is a important aiding measure. While affirming the positive role that state debit-and-credit activity, it also should point out state debit-and-credit activity still belongs to a method that ruling class to maintain dominant, had the certain exploitation character.