The Study On The Debit And Credit Business In Song Dynasty

Debit profession,with agriculture, manufacture, commerce became one of important economic sections in feudal society.In Song Dynasty, Debit and credit profession much more developed with the other three tradaes, politics and society'development. Almost all major social classes invested their savings in this trade.So the people be engaged in this trade present the condition of being intricate .Yet its main participants were bureaucrats, businessmen and landlords.The people depended on debit almost were confused all social classes,but the petty farmers were the main body. The causing of debit was complex.Most causation was poverty in maintenance.Some of them were for production. In the multitudinous connections,there was two exceptional debit and credit connections——"Capital Debit"and"Debit Commander".The mortagage mostly is chattel in the civilian debit and credit profession. Diffent class provide diffrent mortagage.Commercial article being mortage is important phenomena of the commercial economy's develement.The Song governement criterions the standardization of the mortagage. There were three fasions about the estate mortage——"Dianmai","yidang"and"didang". The Song governement formulate Interest Debt Commuting Estate Law in order to restrict loaner to compulsively cancel out debt by occupancy the debtor's estate. In Song dynasty ,there were four fashions of compensating debit.The governement and creditor often avoiding and postponeding inexpiable debit. In Song dynasty,Private mortagage-store located the central or innermost part,so it get the far-reaching effection, especily politics and economic policy and war circumstance.The effection was often negtive,blocking its development."Young plant law",begeaning in 1070, was continuating to perfect. The Song government built a superincumbent network and push it in border area."Young plant law"is an important breakthrough in the Chinese history.There were three organizations,"Checking store","Exchenge department"and"Offical mortagage-store", managing loan business."Checking store"provided loans for getting interest through lending the orphand's money and property in its store."Exchenge department"just provided loans to merchentman ."Offical mortagage-store"mostly managed chattel mortgage loan.Relieve loan is Song govnerment action. In the relieve loan action,Song government carried out a system of allowing loan under free tex above 70% and dismissing intrest for the below fourth class house . Song govnerment had to postpone paying the loan or dismiss it.In south-Song dynasty,society store was credit cooperative orgernization that was being dominant and voluntary organazion active asisted.It became one of the three store in Chinese antiquity and it's effection is very deeply."infinitude without end thorey"is the foundation of Chinese Buddhism fane .Long-standing store is the mostly department engaging credit. It had two propertis with beneficence project and exploition,And the govnernment was intervenor to some extent. Interest and interest rate are the kernel problem.There are three meanings.Maths Nine Chapter reflect the level of song- period and the fashion of manage. Interest rate of Song dynasty was provided with character of diversity. In Song dynasty there was no average interest rate.But interest rate mostly was monthly interest 2%--4% and present a current of slowly debase. The factor determining the interest rate are proportion of land-rentaland land-value and endure ability of farmer. At the same time,there were much more factors could effect the interest rate.Comeuppance conception integrating ethical idea ,such as timely repaiding debt, help somebody casting off puzzledom, figureing for high intrest, composing common borrower's ethic idea .there were two reverse factions that had diffent ideas on how deal with the loan,one faction considered that the govnerment should control providing loan,the other insist the govnerment should let folk loan enterprise alone.When lean years came and the class struggle was rising,the loan enterprise in Song dynasty ensured smallholder's production could continue, aid the growth of commercial economy,mitigated nationality conflict and maintained society stabilization.In some way,the loan enterprise became decompression valve, thus it must not became the object of peasantry insurgence.To sum up, the loan enterprise in Song dynasty came into being a self-contained system;the goverment loan enterprise develop rapid;a great deal of loan organization come forth ;the debit and credit market appeared;the finance category already had been germinated.But folk loan still hold dominant status ; the operational modality was singular in the organizational loan,so had not developed to be modern bank;material was still mostly carrier;the delive calamity loan and emergency loan were the mainstream that was attributed consumptional loan.