Measures Taken By Chihli Administration In Anti-Christianity During 1870-1895

From 1870 to 1895, clashes between the Chinese people and the Christianity in Chili Province increased greatly. Under strong pressure from foreign missionaries, ministers and Chinese native Christians, chinese central government entrusted local authority power of solving disputes, The Chihli local administration became the chief representation of Chinese government in negotiations. My dissertation discusses how the Chihli local officials solved these conflicts, and their change of stance on Chinese foreign diplomacy.The paper contains three parts: pretext, contents and final conclusion. Chief contents include five different sections:The first says the principles by which Chihli administration solved these conflicts .analying them, we summary what criterions are abided by in conflicts.The second is the main body parts, narrates the Chihli local magistrates solved the conflicts according to three levels, namely the Chihli county official's junior trial, the higher official's intermediate trial, the governor and jinghai custom official's senior trial. They used modern diplomatic means and traditional skills to solve these conflicts. These main methods were as follows: the local officials themselves heard the cases, got the causes, tried to persude the believers and the common people ,otherwise punished them to suppress their critical momentum to reduce resistance; relied on local rural Managers and gentries to settle the cases; argued vigorously with priests and believers according to treaties; consulled directly with the minister and rejected the unreasonable demands ;noticed out to tell the people and so on.The third tells about the characteristics of negotiationsThe fourth says the problems among Chihli local officials in handling conflicts.The fifth narrates the results and influence of negotiations on a series of conflicts, Because the Qing dynasty was in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social position, the results of conflicts was unfair. The compromise outcomes caused officials and the public indignation. The hatred emotions suddenly burst out to form the Boxer movement, Followed by the Eight-Power Allied Forces aggression .This made the china lose a lot of sovereignty ,further deepened the Chihli local officials fear and compromise and expanded foreign religious powers. Meanwhile, foreign invaders in the process of destraction played a unconsciously builders. Solving religious conflicts , a part of Chihli local officials Strengthened international knowledge and understanded international negotiation procedure .This caused Chinese officials further modernization. On the other hand the Qing dynasty also strengthened its internal reforms, separated judicial bodies gradually from the administrative control towards the independence, This accelerated Chinese apparatus of government into modernization.