The 1914-1915 Kyakhta Negotiation And Chinese-Russian-Mongolian Agreement

Outer Mongol was part of the Chinese territory in the history. In 1911, the feudal upper level of Outer Mongol, leading by the living Buddha Javzundamba, drove out San-to, the commissioner to Khuree Ch'ing Dynasty and declared Independence. In November in 1912, Russia and Khiiree authority signed the Russian-Mongolian Agreement, depriving greatly parts of sovereignty of China in Outer Mongol In November in 1913, Sino-Russian two countries changed with each other in Peking Declaration Document, which ruled China to possess suzerainty in Outer Mongol, Outer Mongol owned autonomy. Both parties still decide in the spring of 1914 to hold three-party talks in the confirmation of political relation between China and Outer Mongol in Kyakhta. The khuree authority was extremely dissatisfied with the Declaration Document. It requested Russian support it's combination into Inner Mongol and independence completely from China. Under the pressure of Russia, the Khiiree authority unwillingly approved to attend the three-party talks, but still unwillingly gave up Independence.September in 1914-June in 1915, the Russian—Mongolian three squares hold talks in Kyakhta Talks mainly carried on around five subjects: Name of country and emperor; problem of the commissioner to Khuree; Tariff problem; The railroad,post,telecom and litigation problem; Inner Mongol problem. June 7th in 1915, Chinese-Russian-Mongolian Agreement was signed formally at Kyakhta The main contents included: (1)Outer Mongol acknowledge Declaration Document, China received suzerainty, Outer Mongol received autonomy. (2) Outer Mongol have the particularly power to carry out the whole domestic affairs and to sign the industrial and commercial treaty with a foreign country, political and land negotiation affair is negotiated by the China and Russia. (3)The living Buddha use the name Bogd Javzundamba Khutukhtu khaan of Outer Mongol, confered by the big president of Republic of China. (5) China is to station the commissioner and assistant director in Outer Mongol, protecting Chinese commercial people's benefits. (6) Chinese commercial people is to pay each tax all. (7) Chinese commercial people's civil litigation is to be taken up by the commissioner or assistant director, the Sino—Mongolian mixing litigating is to practice conduct trial jointly. (8) Chinese-Russian-Mongolian Agreement continue effectively. Moreover, China approved to forgive the Inner Mongolian who had participated in the insurrection in the form of note, not to add arrestment for the inner Mongolian to cruise and pay respects to Javzundamba. Silin—gol region is to leave the ground of herding for the local people in nomad's way of life.Chinese-Russian-Mongolian Agreement is an unequal treat. It only reservedthe sovereignty of China formally, in fact, Outer Mongol is still placed in Independence. By two notes, China lost more sovereignties out of the Sino-Russian Declaration Document. Russia forced China to accept its arrangement for the position of Outer Mongol, enhancing its vested benefits in Outer Mongol. Chinese defeat in the Kyakhta negotiation is the outcome of the imperialistic power politics, and is closely related with the international situation China facing at that time. Peking government adopted thenegotiation policy of give up benefits and request name, making China suffer more damage in the negotiation of the benefits power. However, under the hardly arguation according to reasons by the China Represents, China still saved parts of sovereignty. According to provision of Chinese-Russian-Mongolian Agreement, Outer Mongol cancelled Independenceand recovered the subject relation to China; China set up the assistant director in the Tannu—Uryankhai, creating a condition for recovering Tannu—Uryankhai in 1919; The ownership of Chinese suzerainty for Outer Mongol, also provided the law basis for Chinese recovering of the sovereignty of Outer Mongol completely in 1919.