On The Grammatical Units Of Completeness And Their Negative Expressions In Modern Chinese Language

In this paper, we explored the use of such grammatical units of completeness as"V成","V完","V上,V下"and"V了(Np)"in the negative sentence. And we analyzed their syntactic and semantic performances in the negative expressions,which attempts to summarize their general principles.On"没V成",we inspected the meaning of"成"and the negativeness of"没有".In the expression of"没V成",there are the following characteristics that the original meaning"完成,成功,成为"of the term"成"shows varying degrees of the grammaticalization."没V成"expresses two means: First, the negative of"完成,成功"of the action,"成"as the results complement of a real lexical meaning;second,the negative of"实现"of the action."成"as the grammatical meaning of"实现"from original meaning."没V成"expresses the original intention of the subject of the sentence through the subject of statement.In the expression of"没V成",some show the first sense,some show the second sense,but more examples can not be separated extinctly.The understanding of"成"is not isolated, in addition to its pre-verb, the other co-occurrence components in the sentence or even in the context are closely related.When the second mean appearing, we think that the meaning of"实现"has just been come out from the original meaning as extended meaning.Not only established the mean of"实现",the semantic syntax of the distribution environment can also be found.That is,the verb before the"成"does not show any purpose, and has no intention to implement the corresponding actions.This is the study on the meaning of"成"in the"没V成".Then we inspected.the.negative.situation.of"没V成"and concluded that:when"没"denies"成",the meaning of"成"is"完成,成功";when"没"denies"V成",the meaning is"实现"or"成为,变成",of which the meaning"实现"is the extended meaning.This also verified the analysis of the meaning evolution of"成",which embodied in the synchronic plane of language.The result of the study on"没V完"is:"Np"is often the topic in the first place of the sentence,from the semantic angle,"Np"is the object or the outcome acted by"V"."没V完"can also be modified ingredients in the sentence, then,"V"and"Np"still has the two kinds of relationships which just discussed.And when the"Np"is the consumption of substances, or"VNp"has the meaning of disappearing,the meaning of"完"both point to"V", also pointing to"Np".In addition,when"Np"is the result acted by"V","Np没V完","完"can be replaced by"成","了".Finally,"没V完","完"has a real lexical meaning,which is the negative object by"没"."上""下"in"V上""V下"were evolved from the action verbs of"上""下",which could be included in the same semantic category.We discussed"没V上""没V下"in the same chapter.Then we inspected the negative situation of"V上""V下".In the expression of"没V上""没V下",there were two negative situations:"没"denies"上";"没"denies"V上";"没"denies"下","没"denies"V下".In the former case,"上""下"could not be omitted. We also inspected the replacement of"上"in"没V上"and that between"上"and"下"in"没V上/下".The inspection of"没V了".We find there are two"了"in"没V了":one is了_动;the other is了₁.In"没V了_动","了_动"acts as the results complement,"没"denies"了"."没V了₁"are classified according to the replacement of"了₁",the composition of"Vp",the composition of"V(v)Np(n)",which basically covers the"没""了₁"co-occurrence phenomenon in Chinese language.There is difference in"没""了₁"co-occurrence,we analyzed the reason of each of the categories of"没""了₁"co-occurrence and make the explanations accordingly.