A Study On The Police System Of Shandong Province During 1902-1928

The modern police system of Shandong dates from the Qing Government′s order that each province should follow the regulations of Zhili to launch modern police in 1902.In October, the Governor Zhou Fu reduced the number of army and founded the General-office of Police in the capital of Shandong province, which was the first modern police organization in Shandong. From then, the government gradually set up and perfected it′s police organizations, founded the administrations, such as the Dao of Police and the Police Department of Shandong province; Worked out various police laws; Start the education to improve the quality of police. At the end of the Beijing Government, the police in Shandong had formed a relatively perfect and normative system in organ, law and function. The police had been on the road to modernization.Based on the present materials and with the help of the knowledge of sociology, police science and statistics, From different angles,the paper makes comprehensive description and analysis of the police status of Shandong during 1902-1928 so as to achieve a rather all-sided understanding. Following the time order,the paper is cut into the late Qing Dynasty and the period of Beijing Government to describe and analyze the establishing and developing process of the police status in Shandong. In the end of the paper, there is an objective evaluation about the construction of the police in Shandong.The late Qing Dynasty is the establishing phase of Shandong modern police system, the governor firstly established the Genral-office of Police of Police in the capital of Shandong province with the funds saved by reducing the army. And the police stations were established in counties. The police education was started in order to bring up talent who has the knowledge of police. The police laws were worked out so as to standard the police construction. The Dao of Police was set up to manage the police construction. Besides, because of lack of funds, taking on site taxes was an important method of collecting police funds. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the construction of Shandong police had taken shape. The ancient police system of non-separation of police and army had been changed into the modern police system. And the police construction had been on the road to modernization. The police foundation in this period laid a strong foundation for the development of the police construction in the period of Beijing Government.In the reign of Beijing Government, the Northern Warlords constantly launched wars to control Shandong's political power, thus they could consolidate and expand their interests. The political situation of Shandong was in ferment. Once they were in power, they mostly took the police as the tool of repressing the populace in order to maintain their reign. But their value to police objectively advanced the development of the police system in Shandong. The number of the police had increased a lot. Fire arms, bullets and other equipments had been reinforced. The police organizations had been perfected. The police education had made great progress. More police laws in keeping with actual state had been worked out. Furthermore, the personnel management of the police system had also made great progress. A rational and efficient system in the appointment, evaluation, rewards and punishment had formed.By the year of 1928, A top-down, multi-layered relatively perfect modern police organization system in Shandong had taken shape. Many professional police had been set up, such as the police taking charge of justice, fire control, coastal affairs, sanitation, mining, railway affairs, social order and so on. In addition, the police's functions and powers had been developing to specialization and they can take the majority of the people's interests into account, including the lower rank. But the construction of the police system in Shandong during 1902---1928 also had it′s limitations. This mainly exists in the aspects as follows: The unbalanced development of the police construction between urban and rural areas; the grass-roots police construction was relatively weak; The concrete police measures had not been entirely put into practice. There were many reasons for this situation.