Feminist Rewriting In Translation From Perspective Of Manipulation Theory

The feminist translation theory and practice are heavily influenced by feminist thoughts which regard translation as a political issue. Feminist translation is in essence rewriting. Despite the long history of feminism rewriting practice, the research from the perspectives of poetics and patronage is a rather new one. Traditional study on feminism translation has focused on the specific translation phenomena, including women and language, gender and translation– results of such studies have appeared in a number of essay collections (Kaufman 1987; Brod 1987)– and focused on translation practice: translating the body, translating puns on cultural references, translating machismo, translation theories and myths, rereading and rewriting translation, recovering women translators. But why are the feminist translation practice and theory so popular and influential? Hardly do any people answer this question. The thesis aims to find the underlying reasons for the thriving of feminism translation which is characterized by rewriting on the theoretical basis of Andre Lefevere's translation manipulation theory.The emphasis on translation studies is shifting from linguistic studies to extra- linguistic studies. Many factors are involved in the translation, such as culture, history, as well as ideology. Andre Lefevere puts forward four important constraints under which translators operate: poetics, patronage, ideology, and universe discourse. Rewriting is a term introduced by Lefevere to refer to a range of processes, including translation, which can be said to reinterpret, alter or manipulate an original text in some way. The term arises from the conviction that translation studies need to deal with the social and literary constraints which lie behind the production of text. There are two control factors in literature system: poetics and patronage. Poetics consists of inventory and functional components. Patronage will be understood to mean something like the powers that can further or hinder the reading, writing and re-writing of literature. What is said about writing also holds for translation.The thesis examines the feminist rewriting on the theoretical basis of manipulation theory that was put forward by Andrew Lefevere. Because the space is limited, the focus will be on perspectives of poetics and patronage. Deconstruction and Feminist post-structuralist textual theory and writing are seen to have provided women translators with the assurance that no text is neutral or universally meaningful, nor"original"for that matter, every reader adds their own individual meaning to the text. The inventory component and functional component of poetics in the"Era of Feminism"make the flourish of feminist rewriting possible. The Women's Movement creates a political climate and cultural situation which allow feminist translation projects to flourish. Publishing presses motivated by considerable profit are willing to publish the feminism-related books. And feminist writers and translators also make a big fortune by large circulation. Most famous feminists are teachers in university, directors of study program, and reviewers. Many feminists in the whole world have got their position in all walks of life. There are so many women statesmen, senators, lawyers, professors, and CEOS, etc, which means that they are accepted by the most authoritative patronage, the government. The discrimination against women in language and thus in reality is acknowledged by the people in the whole world.