Comparative Study Of Preposition Phrase "在+处所词" And "(?)+处所词" In Chinese And Vietnamese

In researching, teaching and learning Chinese, the comparison between Chinese and mother language is important and necessary. When one learns the foreign language, it is somehow influenced by the mother language. The similarity between mother language and the second language are helpful, but the differences between syntax and grammar structure will be the obstructions and difficulties for students in learning language. In teaching the language, teacher needs to know the similarity and the differences between two languages very well, then emphasize and point out the differences in order to help students lean language more efficiency. Students will gain the knowledge efficiently. During the teaching of Chinese for Vietnamese students, we acknowledge that students use the Preposition Phrase"在+处所词"incorrectly very much. However, it appears rarely to the previous reports. Therefore, in the additional of the fundamental research, we decided the further studies as a supplement guideline. The thesis is included five sections:0,Introduction This section is mainly focused in the significance and importance of topic selections, the reasons and scope of research. It also discusses the method and resource which the thesis has been used.1,The syntactical position of Preposition Phrase"在+处所词"in Chinese Language This section introduces generally the Preposition Phrase"在+处所词"in Chinese when it functions as an adverb, object or attributive adjective. There are two syntactical positions when the Preposition"在"is an adverb in the sentence. The first position is at the beginning of sentence, it behaves as an adverb to indicate a place of an occurrence. The second position is within the sentence (after a subject and before a verb), it indicates a place of an occurring action. When the preposition"在"is an object its position will be after a verb to indicate an action modifying for a person, or a thing. If the preposition"在"is an Attributive Adjective , then its syntactical position will be in front of a noun, the Preposition for Attributive Adjective is usually used"的".2,Syntactic position for the Preposition Phrase"? +处所词"in Vietnamese Language This section is introduced generally the Preposition Phrase"? +处所词"when it functions as an adverb, an Object and Attributive Adjective . When the preposition"?"is an adverb, there are three possible syntactic positions in the sentence. The first syntactical position– Preposition is at beginning of the sentence, it indicates a place of occurring fact. Second syntactical position– Preposition is within a sentence (after a subject and in front of a verb) it indicates a place of an occurring action. The third syntactical position– Preposition is at the end of sentence (after predicative), it indicates a place of progressing action or a place in a certain time of that action. When the preposition"?"is an object, its syntactical position is placed after a verb (between verb and"? +处所词"there is no other component), it indicates a position of a thing. When the preposition"?"is an Attributive Adjective, its syntactical position is always in front of a noun.3,The similarity and differences between preposition phrase"在+处所词"and"? +处所词"This section is mainly focused on the syntactical position of the preposition phrase"在+处所词"in Chinese language and preposition phrase"? +处所词"in Vietnamese when they are an adverb, object and Attributive Adjective. The comparative method of the research is focused in the grammatical structure of two languages Chinese-Vietnamese, then it will give a common grammatical structure of preposition phrase"在+处所词"in two languages. There are few similarities in comparison. Besides that there are also many differences.The similarity:In Chinese and Vietnamese, the preposition"在"and"?"are be able to place at the beginning of sentence functioning as an adverb, and place at the end of sentence functioning as an object. Firstly, in Vietnamese language, when a noun or pronoun presents for a country, a group, or an organization, the preposition phrase at beginning of sentence can be dropped out but the meaning is unchanged. This is similar in Chinese. Secondly, in Vietnamese, when the object of a place indicates a position of a thing, then preposition position is after a verb (between verb and"? +处所词"there is no other component). The object in Chinese is also after a verb. In conclusion, the object position is after a verb in Vietnamese, it is similar in Chinese.The differences:1) The difference as it is an adverbThere are two syntactical positions when the preposition phrase"在+处所词"is an adverb in Chinese: At the beginning of sentence and among the sentence (after subject and before a verb). However, there are three positions if the preposition"? +处所词"is an adverb in Vietnamese: At the beginning of a sentence, among a sentence and at the end of a sentence. Other then the obvious difference of this preposition phrase as an adverb at the end of the sentence, it still exists many other differences when it behaves as an adverb at beginning and within the sentence.a. The difference of an adverb at beginning of a sentenceThere are two different cases since the preposition phrase is an adverb, at the beginning of a sentence in Vietnamese. Firstly, if there is an adverb at the beginning of a sentence, it can be moved to the end of sentence, but it can not be moved in Chinese. The preposition"?"in Vietnamese is an adverb at the beginning of a sentence , it is also being placed at the end of a sentence. The grammatical structure and the meaning are unchanged. However, in Chinese, the preposition"在"acts as an adverb at beginning of sentence, it can not be placed at the end of a sentence. If the preposition"在"is placed at the end of a sentence, it is not an adverb, but it is an object instead. Secondly, the combinations of noun, preposition and directional adverbials are not the same. When a noun of place is an adverb in Vietnamese, sometimes to simplify the sentence, the preposition"?"or Directional adverbials can be dropped out, its meaning remains the same which indicates a place of occurrence. However, when a noun of place is an adverb at beginning sentence in Chinese, a preposition"在"or directional adverbials must be used.b. The syntactical differences of an adverb within a sentenceIn Vietnamese there are two syntactical positions of preposition"?"if it is an adverb: Firstly, the preposition"?"is between subject and predicative . Secondly it is between predicative verb and an object. But there is only one position which is between a subject and a predicative for the preposition"在"if it is an adverb in a sentence.When the preposition"?"is an adverb in the sentence of Vietnamese, it can be able to place after of predictive verb and before an object. This syntax doesn't exist in Chinese. The preposition"在"can be placed in front of predictive verb in Chinese, but the preposition"?"can be placed after a predictive verb in Vietnamese.c. The syntactical differences as an adverb at the end of a sentenceIn Vietnamese, if the preposition phrase"? +处所词"is an adverb, it can be placed at the end of an sentence, in contract the preposition"在"at the end of sentence doesn't exist in Chinese if it is an adverb. Hence, the preposition"?"acts as an adverb at the end of a sentence in Vietnamese, when it is translated into Chinese, its position must be swapped to within the sentence ( after subject and before predicative verb). The preposition"在"is also being able to place at the end of a sentence in Chinese; however, it is not functioning as an adverb, it is an object. This causes to the different syntax and grammatical structure between two languages. Moreover, the predictive verb such as"born, happen, die, sacrifice, disappear"present for the appearance, disappearance, then the preposition"在"must be an object and placed after the predicative verb. This syntactical formation is an adverb in Vietnamese, and must be placed after a verb.2) The Syntactical differences as an object. In both Vietnamese and Chinese, when the preposition phrase"在/? +处所词"behaves as an object, it must be placed after the predicative verb. Beside that there are some other differences. When preposition"? +处所词"is an object in Vietnamese, it can be simplified the preposition"?"but it can't be simplified the preposition"在"in Chinese.3) The differences as an Attributive adjective: The exception in Vietnamese, when the quality adjective behaves as an attributive adjective, the attributive must be placed before a noun. In all other cases, an attributive must be placed after a noun if it is an attributive adjective. In contract the attributive must be placed before a noun if it is an attributive adjective in Chinese.4,Analyzing the common errors of Vietnamese students when they use the preposition phrase"在+处所词"This section is mainly focused in the Chinese teaching. Using Inter-language theory, method of error analysis and comparative analysis , we have found that Vietnamese students usually have the common mistakes while they are using the Preposition phrase"在+处所词"in learning Chinese as a Second language. In additional, by research and statistics based on the errors , other than the main reasons which is influenced by mother language, the research also found the other reasons cause to the errors such as : The limitation of skills when leaning language; the preparation and teaching skill of instructor are not sufficient . In short, the lacking of teaching skills and preparing lesson of instructor are the most importantWe hope that by using the Comparative and Error Analysis methodologies between two languages, the thesis can be a guideline for teaching and leaning languages. It is hoped that students and teacher will acknowledge successfully in teaching and learning foreign languages.