The Urban Crisis And Its Causes In Post-war America

Post-war urban crisis has been one of the most conspicuous problems since 1960s in the Unite States.So many scholars paid wide attention to the crisis both at home and abroad.On the basis of previous studies,the article tries to demonstrate the urban crisis in a more comprehensive way.And it had an in-depth analysis of the causes of the crisis.The first part outlines the industrialization and urbanization process in the United States, from the brief development of the American cities.In 1920,the United States realized the urbanization,and thereafter entered the suburbanization stage of development.After World Warâ…¡,the excessive suburbanization brought tremendous harms to the central cities,and caused urban crisis.The first part describes three aspects of the performance of urban crisis, that is,the reduction of population in the central cities;urban social unrest(frequent ethnic riots,high crime rate);the decline of urban communities(the deterioration of living conditions,the existence of too many slum).On the foundation of the first part,Partâ…¡,â…¢,â…£,andâ…¤discuss the causes of the urban crisis.The second part considers that the racial discrimination and segregation exist everywhere. Where the discrimination is,there is inequality.The inequality in housing,education and employment finally resulted in the poverty of blacks and minorities.The residents'poverty in center city sparked the urban crisis.In addition,racial discrimination led to racial conflicts and blacks'riots,and it made the central city turn into the most unstable places of residence and investment,and further deepened the decline of central cities.Partâ…¢discusses the reasons from the macroscopic perspective of economic and social development.The restructuring of the whole economy has accelerated the decline of central cities.After World Warâ…¡,the United States entered the post-industrial society.The economy showed the trend of development of deindustrialization.The industry,manufacture and other traditional industries developed slowly.Factories were closed,the scale of production reduced significantly.There were a large number of abandoned factories.And the center of the city turned into the worst investment.Although the rise of the service sector provided a considerable number of employment,it can not make up for the losses caused by the decline of traditional industries,Furthermore,when service industries rose,they would come to the suburbs as the clients came to suburbs.Therefore,the central city declined as economic restructured.Partâ…£discusses the emergence and concept of redlining first.The redline system classified the center city as the region which was high-risk,low ability to repay.So the credit industries refused to give loans.If there were no loans,it was difficult for center cities to develop.After the lending institutions'public acts of discrimination were protested,they took a more covert approach to the implementation of the red system,such as:improving down payments,under-appraisal,exorbitant interest rates,the red time-line,and psychological redlining.Because of the existence of the red line system,the center cities could not get the loan funds,so their development restricted,and aggravated the decline of central cities.Partâ…¤focuses on the suburbanization of industry.Since the manufacturing,commercial and service industries suburbanized,the central city employment declined.So many people flew to the suburbs.Excessive suburbanization led to the decline of central cities.