The Relation Between The Tribute Grain Politics And The Local Society In Jiangxi Province Of Ch'ing Dynasty

The tribute Grain (the tribute Grain referred to as the Grain in the following text.) was once an important source of national taxation and budget in the history of China, so the expropriation of tribute Grain was one of the main functions for the local government. Jiangxi province was a major grain-producing base in Ch'ing Dynasty and the total amount of the tribute Grain was just less than that in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In order to guarantee the expropriation of the Grain, the local government formed a set of comprehensive Grain policies, which went through reforming in the different periods. Under the guidance of national Grain politics, the local society formed various mass organizations regarding the Grain, including Yi-Tu organization (also call Yi-Tu Institution) that appeared and developed in the late-17th century. Yi-Tu Institution, centered on the kin, supervised countrymen's payment of taxes through the civil society strength. This means had levied to the regional tribute grain on time and had the positive influence. Meanwhile, the voice of subtracting the tax amount of the Grain was getting higher and higher in the some heavy-tax afflicted areas of Jiangxi. Considering the nostalgia and family's vital interest, many Jiangxi officials positively appealed for reduction on the tax. In addition, in some regions some Grain lawsuit events came about in the levying Grain process, local officials, the gentry and grain farmers were in close interaction for their own interests. The appearance and development of Yi-Tu Institution, the movements of reducing the tax of the Grain and these events constituted the interaction three-dimensional prospects between the civil society and the Grain politics in Jiangxi of Ch'ing Dynasty.In short, this article, based on researches of the Grain levying in Jiangxi of Ch'ing Dynasty, studied the Grain levying's actual implementation and its historical development of a region in order to grasp Ts'ao-Yun's impact to the local society under the national system, which is done to not only help us further understand state power operation and society's management in traditional society, but also help us to reveal the subtle Ts'ao-Yun mechanism that can't be understood through reading official documents of Ts'ao-Yun Institution, as well as Deepening the understanding of the civil society and really populace life.