The Study Of The Grass-roots Organizations And Rural Social Control Under The New System During Anti-Japanese War

Enshi area is a rural society with the background of compositive villages where ethnic minorities are in the dominant position.Geopolical element and consanguinity stress importance in the society due to the special gengraphical location and the complexity of ethnic composition and some other elements .Every dynasty in the history dominates the area through the lord,relying on the the strategy of"antonomy".The people who are on behalf of administrative forces are from the election of the local people and government's permission .Local and central authorities relations are reflected through the "Gong Ci system (tributary system)" and the "Chieftain system".Really hit to the village administrative system happened in the Qing dynasty with the set of"flow officials( Liuguan)"during the period of"soil reture flow(Gaituguiliu)"which is limited in the administrive unit of county or above county.The following rural counties have no formal executive power and are maneged mainly by the policy of"aotonomy".Furthermore, the local government has focused on the development of a sub-level officials and the readjustment of the economic structure, seldom on the institutional arrangements of administrative powers for the villages.The grass-roots organizations under the county are not only political , but also economic organization. Only the change and development of grass-roots organizations can cause changes in the development of rural society. Eg., "Bao-Jia"system and "Xiang yue" of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are the outcome of their own development to a certain stage of , recognised ,admitted and supervised by the government and belonged to the"antonomy"policyAfter the abolition of the imperial examination system, the system of"Huibi"was replaced by the "local self-government". The local political elite whose path to enter the polity changed accordingly began to participate in local government. The lord class suffered division.Along with the effect of"liantuanbaojing"of the 1920s and 1930s,one group of lord formed armed forces and charged the regime of the place where they occupied .The Government of Enshi area in a rural community lost control of the state. After the war began, most area of Hubei Province are captured by the enemy The cities and the county governments, towns, security offices often need to transfer and change in places except some counties located in Enshi area ,middle and north part of Hubei Province .At that moment, it is chaotic.Facing the biger and biger demand for resources needed in the war and more and more rural increasingly serious social situation, the government can only rely on coercive power of the executive powers to infiltrate village society in order to maintain the normal operation of the state to gain more wealth in the countryside. Therefore, the traditional grass-roots organizations must be reorganized to realize the modern transformation of rural society ,finally,to achieve the purpose of control of rural society."Xinxian" system came into being after a period of exploration in 1939.Firstly, "Xinxian system" is the the succession of the past and also development. On one hand, the new system in the county plays a greater role through the recompose of the earlier grass-roots organizations - Bao-Jia system :Bao-Jia system integrates the military, government and education .In administration ,the leader is called as highest administrator ;in education ,called as schoolmaster ;in military ,called as colonel ,that is,"Three-in–One system". As a result, the political forces are used to promote education which reversely reform polity. Finally, the education and polity are synergetic to popularize the education of the nation and prepare for the organizational realization for"Quanminjiebing".Through its implementation, the state executive power infiltrate to the village. The leader of the county and countryside become bureaucrats and an agent of the executive power. Raising commissariat and conscription are the main role of Bao-Jia. The usage of "Lianbaolianzuofa "bounds small farmers together tightly to ensure the draw-out national resources from the community.On the other hand, "Xinxian system" controls the economic and human resources mainly. At that time, Hubei Province introduced the "new construction ounline in Hubei ," .There are various economic policies,such as erwujianzu, Tianfu zhengshi, the establishment of cooperation projects, Wuwujiaohuan, and other specific measures. The aim is to ensure the supply of commissariat in their respective counties , soldiers can be pumped and materials for front-line and to prevent hoarding of unscrupulous merchants and economic difficulties bringing by price increases . These measures are implemented so that the material promoted during Anti-Japanese War in Enshi area.They created the material advantage at the same time for the"liuqukangzhan". At the same time ,"registered residenter" as thebasis of human resource control spread comprehensively . It is the importanct standard of Zhengbingfuyi,bianpailiyi.The the military service, labor service and the burden of transportation under "Xinxian system" is much greater, and also mandatory.Next,during the implementation of "Xinxian" system in Enshi area, along with the marginalization of family, clan-led forces ,the trend of the combination of the power of the lord and a grassroots political power appeared. Because of the the Kuomintang's inability to send a large contingent of township, they began to develop large-scared grass-roots party members, extended to the Bao-Jia system, and gradually squeezed the clan out. The clan organizations began to develop in the direction of Economic Cooperation Organization. Once it developed to a certain extent and broke through the bottleneck, the KMT Organization replaced the clan organizations which indicated that the the modern transformation of rural society of KMT reached summit.To sum up, the implementation of the new county system in Enshi region during the National Anti-Japanese War which is a process that the state executive power infiltrates to the village, gradually forming the powerful control mode "national (Xiangguan) - small farmers".