A Research On Zhang Shizhao's Party Thought In The Late Qing Dynasty And Early Republic Of China

Analyzing the representative figures'party thoughts during Chinese first party test trail is an important subject of party research. From the preparation for constitutionalism in late Qing to the dissolution of congress by Yuan Shikai, theory on political party in modern China has experienced the historical process of formation and prosperity. Reviewing the development of party politics, due to the need of practical politics, a lot of discussions about party problems have been put forward and many parties have been established in practice, which promote the emergence of research achievements about the representative figures'party thoughts in the field of modern China's party study.Form the view of academic study, thoughts of party leaders have been described a lot while the academic circles have placed little attention on the party thought of persons who have great social influence but without party affiliation since 1980's. In the study of Chinese party history, these people have been more or less neglected. My academic concern has been generated by such a fact. There are two reasons for choosing Zhang Shizhao's party thought as the research object. First of all, quite different from people who are relying on parties to express their political opinions in early republic of China, Zhang Shizhao is a specific person who insists his independent report and publicist identity without entering any parties, thus his party thought can exceed the disparities between different parties and reflect the thinking course of exploring party politics in early republic of China. On the other hand, his party thought occupied the core status of his whole thought in late Qing to early republic of China. As far as the content and historical position of his party thought are concerned, Zhang Shizhao makes the most detailed discussions on party issues in his period, second to Liang Qichao, which is worthy excavating and repositioning.This paper's logic of writing design is consisted by macroscopic problems concern and microscopic case analysis these two clues. The former is to answer the following questions: when the party activities have obtained the legal guarantee, how do the intellectuals who are the propagation subjects introduce and talk about party knowledge? What their expectations about the party knowledge from western world? Have they made any creative transformation? Where are cross swords and interaction of the elite's group? Finally, how to explain the relationship between propagation subjects and the failure of party political practice in early republic of China? Around these questions, the author choose Zhang Shizhao's party thought as the individual case and full text will be divided into five chapters as follows:The introduction, mainly from five aspects to describe the whole paper: the topic selection, the research status, the framework, the research approach and related concepts and research scope. The first chapter is the introduction of party activities'political ecology in late Qing and early republic of China. Before discussing Zhang Shizhao's thinking about party problems, it is necessary to describe and analyze the political ecology in which the parties exist and activate. The second chapter is the main content of Zhang Shizhao's party thought. This chapter summarizes five aspects of his party thought, which are the explanation of party principles, the body and function of party, the theory of opposition, newspapers and journals of party and ruining and rebuilding parties. Chapter three concludes the characteristics of Zhang Shizhao'party thought and gives the evaluation. The liberalism was the background of Zhang Shizhao'party thought and even his whole thought in late Qing and early republic of China. When Zhang talked about party issues, he was standing at the point of the elite perspective. Zhang placed more emphasis on party theory and his discourse style was unique. The paper grasps the contradiction of Zhang Shizhao's character, positioning and evaluating this figure in three aspects. The additional part comments on the relationship between intellectuals and the failure of party politics in early republic of China, concluding the full text with the relations of intellectuals, concepts and party state.