Consciousness Of Spirits In Sartre 's Early Philosophy

The principle of "the spontaneity of consciousness" is the basic principle of Sartre’s early philosophy. Sartre reconstructs Husserl’s concept of intentionality depending on the belief of the spontaneity of consciousness, to converse the constitutive consciousness into nihilate consciousness; simultaneously, to make the Noema a being-in-itself out of consciousness. Meanwhile, basing on the principle of the spontaneity of consciousness, Sartre confutes the theories of transcendental ego, unconsciousness and the theory of imagination which are the elements of the consciousness. In the description of the consciousness structure, Sartre concludes the thought of totality of human reality and freedom, forming the foundation of ontology which reflects in his Being and Nothingness. A transformation of the phenomenological psychology to the ontology is found in the early philosophy theories of Sartre, and revealed that he had turned his research tendency from the consciousness to the human reality. This thesis bases on all the earlier works and theories of Sartre, trying to demonstrate the meaning of the spontaneity of consciousness in the early philosophy of Sartre. First of all, Sartre embodies the principle of the spontaneity of consciousness on the description of the consciousness structures. Secondly, the principle of spontaneity of consciousness contains all the disagreement of the numeral self-theory and sensory material-theory. Thirdly, the principle of spontaneity of consciousness is the freedom which transcends from the instant to the totality of human reality.