Landfalling Typhoons And Social Responses In Zhejiang Province In Qing Dynasty

Typhoon, known as the tropical cyclone, is one of the research priorities in the field of Global (Climate) Change in this day and age. It was Industry Revolution that instrument recording for typhoon has begun. Nevertheless, sequences is not adequately sufficient to sustain a longer time scale investigation for activity patterns and social responses.Thanks to the vastness of Historical documents in china, statistics’time horizon can be differ from hundreds to thousands years. Qing Dynasty (16441911AD), which was in Ming-Qing katathermal, is the emphasis among the global environmental change study. Reconstructing typhoon database by utilizing historic literature in Qing can be the base for further research and recover a longer sequence activity.Locating on the southeast coast of China, Zhejiang is a densely-populated and fully developed province in this great nation. The land of milk and honey is frequently ’visited’ by typhoon. Thus, researches of typhoon have been given primary importance among priorities in Zhejiang province. Researches of falllanding typhoon in Zhejiang Province in the Qing Dynasty and its social responses have important practical significance for the future development of the effective typhoon-resistant work in Zhejiang Province.This essay extracted relevant information based on the Fangzhi in Qing Dynasty, formed research results of the climate phenomena and characters of modern typhoon. Referenced to the previous research result, and established with the wind, rain, tides and flood as typhoon description of the classification of words filter table,821relevant original typhoon activity records have been filtered out. On this basis, created6reconstruction standards binding characteristics of typhoon activities, a typhoon database constructed in accordance with those standards, recovered and statistical analyzed180events which contributing to the establishment of typhoon frequency sequence of Zhejiang province in Qing Dynasty. And then, used documents of the characteristics of typhoon activities and six major landing paths to separate between influential typhoons and landed typhoons, and distinguish the landfalling typhoon. Then originated a brief summary of landing typhoon and statistically analyzed landing typhoon paths in Zhejiang Province in Qing Dynasty. For those94landed typhoon cases judged alongside a combination research method of geography and history, an integrated analysis method of selecting natural factors and social factors comprehensive assessment of the impact of the typhoon disaster. Minor, mid, major and severe levels are calculated by the impact results that typhoon initiated. Handpicked three severe-impacted level typhoons as typical cases, comparative analyzed among dimensions of comparison of the disaster, government relief efforts and victims in behavioral change. At last, debated on the cause of social responses shifting on three landfalling typhoons and reference significances to today’s society.In the end, summarized the major work and proposed ideas of succeeding steps.Core results of this academic paper are as followed:(1) Typhoon was recorded as a special kind of disastrous weather phenomena among numerous local and central government documents in Qing Dynasty. Recordation of typhoon in the local chronicles is the most dependable of all documents. The innumerable natural phenomena as well as accompanied social responses are well detailed.(2) By means of retrieving relevant information about typhoon activities from documents in the local chronicles, the reconstruction of discriminatory criterion of typhoon events in Zhejiang Province in the Qing Dynasty have been established. Those are:1) Discriminatory criterion of typhoon’s occurring time;2) Discriminatory criterion of typhoon’s direct records;3) Discriminatory criterion of typhoon’s indirect records;4) Eliminations of non-typhoon;5) Discriminatory criterion of indefinable records;6) Discriminatory criterion of typhoon’s frequency. The reconstruction criterions of typhoon activity database in Zhejiang province in Qing dynasty are based on above six criterions.(3) According to relevant statistics, active duration in Zhejiang province in Qing Dynasty was primarily between summer and autumn. That is to say May to August in the lunar calendar associated with June to October in solar calendar. Centralized from June to August (July to September in solar, and so as the rest), July (August in solar calendar) is the month that typhoon most likely to occur. And typhoon was most likely to follow in astronomical tide day, reaching59.7%in frequency, especially fourteenth in lunar calendar. The typhoon activity decreases with a coastal to the inland trend in space.(4) The utilization of descriptive characteristics in documents about typhoon and six major paths of landfalling alongside with influential typhoons in Zhejiang nowadays can be used to separate landfalling apart from influential ones. Statistically obtained the major path of those is the ’Type Ⅱ North bound’, occupation rate takes51.06%of94landfalling typhoons that recovered. While the’Type Ⅰ West bound’plus’Type Ⅲ Northwest bound’takes up24.47%.(5) Minor, mid, major and severe levels are distinguished by the impact results that typhoon initiated with25.53%,35.11%,27.66%and11.7%accordingly.(6) Through a comparative study of three landfalling typhoons inside Zhejiang as typical cases, social background and contemporaneous situation of development of social productive forces are the main causes of the social response changes to typhoons disaster, which are the underlying reasons, too. Turmoil taken by the people is an extreme response to natural disasters, nevertheless, the referential significances to today’s society are truly essential.