A Taxonomic Research About Gryllacridinae (Orthoptera, Gryllacrididae) From China

The subfamily Gryllacridinae belongs to Gryllacrididae, Stenopelmatoidea, Ensifera, Orthoptera, Insecta. There are about 700 species,102 genera in worldwide, about 62 species 15 genera from China. Considering the complemented of Chinese Gryllacridinae, it is desirably needed to make the study on the systematics of Gryllacridinae and the essential base for the subsequent research. However, the systematic study of the Chinese Gryllacridinae has not been comprehensively studied for quite a long time, the knowledge on the Chinese fauna is rather limited, and the phylogeny and zoogeography are still unknown.This thesis was dealed with the taxonomic studies of Gryllacridinae which 89 species,19 genera were described from China. The keys to genera and species were given. The phylogenetic tree was established by the WinClada 1.00.08 software and their relationship was discussed; The biogeography was studied and their distributions in world and China were analysed. The result was summarized as follows:1. The taxonomy study of Gryllacridinae from ChinaThis thesis was based on "An Index-Catalogue of Chinese Tettigoniodea (Orthopteroidea:Grylloptera)" edited by Jin et Xia (1994) and described 89 species, 19 genera. There were 1 new genus,33 new species (16 new species were published) and 3 new combination. Due to above new scientific findings, the number of the Chinese Gryllacridinae species was increased by 40%, and the knowledge on the Chinese fauna was considerably complemented. Besides, the keys to species and genera were given. Literature citations, morphological characters, male genitalia figures, signalment, specimen collected information and discribution, specimen picture were provided in detail.The new species were as follow:Marthogryllacris had 5 new species (the subgenus Marthogryllacris had 1 new species, the subgenus Borneogryllacris had 4 new species):M. (M.) rufonotata Li et al.,2014; M.(B.) nanlingensis Li et al,2014; M.(B.) bimaculata Li et al.,2014; M. (B.) spinosa Li et al.,2014; M.(B.) elongata Li et al,2014.Larnaca had 2 new species:Larnaca sinica sp. nov.; Larnaca hainanica sp. nov..Phryganogryllacris had 8 new species:P. sichuanensis Li et al.,2014; P. brevipennis sp. nov.; P. parva Li etal.,2014; P. truncata Li et al.,2014; P. sigillata sp. nov.; P. fanjingshanensis sp. nov.; P. interrupta Li et al.,2014; P. longicerca Li et al., 2014.Furcilarnaca had 4 new species:F. affinis sp. nov.; F. hirta sp. nov.; F.fractiflexa sp. nov.; F. brachyptera sp. nov.Prosopogryllacris had 2 new species:P. chinensis sp. nov.; P. incisa Liu, sp. nov.Ocellarnaca had 4 new species:O. emeiensis Li et al.,2014; 0. coomani Li et al., 2014; O.xiai Li et al,2014; O. brevicauda Li et al.,2014.Sinogryllacris Gen. nov. had 1 new species:S. yunnanensis sp.nov.Gryllacris had 1 new species:G. sulcata sp. nov.Lyperogryllacri had 2 new species:L. bipunctata sp. nov.; L. hainanica sp. nov.Neanias had 1 new species:N. kunmingicus sp. nov.Nippancistroger had 1 new species:N. parva sp. nov.Apotrechus had 2 new species:A quadratus Li et al.,2015;A. truncatolobatus Li et al.,2015.3 new combination:F.fallax (Liu et al.,2010) comb, nov.; F. pulex (Karny,1928) comb.nov.; N. anelytra (Shi et al,2012) comb. nov.All type specimens are deposited in the Biological History Museum of East China Normal University, Shanghai Entomology Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Biological History Museum of Shanghai Normal University. 2. Cladistic about Gryllacridinae from China The phylogenetic tree was established by WinClada 1.00.08 software.39 characters of 19 genera in Gryllacridinae were selected to set up the trees. The results were as following:All ingroups were grouped as a clades; The genera Metriogryllacris, Nippancistroger, Gryllacris, Neanias, Eremus, Sinogryllacris, Ocellarnaca and Prosopogryllacris were grouped as a clade. Because hind margins of their pronotums were straight, head had no lateral-carinae and the 10th abdominal tergite had processes and spines. They were divided with Furcilarnaca because their margin of subgenital plates weren’t divided into two lobes. The genera Metriogryllacris and Nippancistroger were distinguished from Gryllacris, Neanias, Eremus, Sinogryllacris, Ocellarnaca and Prosopogryllacris. Because their median ocellus weren’t larger than lateral ocelli. Gryllacris was different from Neanias because the tegmina of the Gryllacris exceeding to the hind femurs; Ocellarnaca and Sinogryllacris were closer, but the difference was whether the mid tibae had intero-apical spurs. The results support the view that the Sinogryllacris belongs to a new genus in this thesis.The genera Phryganogryllacris, Lyperogryllacris, Marthogryllacris, Homogryllacris, Diaphanogryllacris and Woznessenskia were grouped as a clade. Because hind margins of their pronotum were projected or concave, tegmina were transparent and exceeded beyond apex of abdominal. They were divide with Aancistroger because the later had no styli. Besides, Diaphanogryllacris and Woznessenskia were closer to each other due to the specialization paraprocts, but they divided due to the length and shape of ovipositor.The genera Larnaca and Apotrechus were divided with others, because the tegmina of the former genus had color and the later genus hadn’t spines in hind tibae.So the genera of Gryllacridinae could distinguish from each others according to the numbers of spines in hind tibae, the length of tegmina and the color of tegmina and so on.3. Biogeographic study on Gryllacridinae from China.According to the general data of the geographical distribution, the distribution patterns of Gryllacridinae were summarized both on world and China scale. It shows that the Oriental realm holds the richest species diversity of Gryllacridinae, over the half of all species. The follows were the Neotropical realm and the Australian realm. The Afrotropical realm and the Palaearctic realm had the least species. The species of the Oriental realm in the Pacific islands were most abundant. The biogeography of Gryllacridinae from China was studied. The results showed that most species were distributed in Guangxi. The genus Phryganogryllacris and the species Metriogryllacris permodesta was the most widely distributed. Numerous species were distributed in Oriental region, and a few were distributed in Palaearctic region.48 species,17 genera were distributed in the South China Ecoregions of Northern arid. And all the 17 genera only distributed in Oriental region. Of the 89 species,87 species were endemic to Oriental region,3 species was endemic to Palaearctic region and 1 species were dispersed,76 species were only distributed in China.The present dissertation is a comprehensive and systematic summarization on the order Gryllacridinae from China, it constructs a solid research base in the field of biodiversity conservation, resources exploration and application.