| Different from the general risk,the frequency of catastrophic risk is lower, but the risk is very destructive. The United Nations newest statistical data demonstrated: in the past ten years, the whole world had 2,500,000,000 people to suffer variable kinds of great disaster risk violations, and it grows 60% to compare with the previous ten year stricken population. The great disaster risk refers to"the major disaster ,which occurs suddenly, will bring the massive loss". The insurance usually circles the earthquake, the flood and so on. Serious natural disaster risks regard as the great disaster risk. However, to the concept of great disaster risk, the insurance actually does not have a unified definition, each nation carries on the definition and the division in the different historical period of its country's actual situation to the great disaster risk. American Insurance Service Office defines it for the loss amount surpasses 25,000,000 US dollars, and affects the wide range insurer and insured's event. Generally speaking, the great disaster risk has some own characteristics, may induce is: (1) the great disaster risk has the objectivity; (2) the great disaster risk has the uncertainty; (3) the great disaster has the frequency to be extremely low; (4) the great disaster risk often creates the heavy loss; (5) the great disaster risk has the public attribute; (6) the great disaster risk has expands the tendency unceasingly.The great disaster risk management is an emerging management discipline, studying the great disaster risk to have the rule and a risk control technology. Various Economic institution through the great disaster risk recognition, the great disaster risk weight, the great disaster risk assessment, based on this each kind of great disaster risk management technology optimizes, and processes properly to the great disaster risk implementation active control is the result of the consequence which the great disaster loses, expected that achieves obtains the biggest safety control by the goal of least costs. The great disaster risk and the great disaster risk management's connotation and the extension is also having the rapid changing, already greatly different from the traditional understandings. Appearing unceasingly the new great disaster risk, caused the scope of the great disaster risk management also to change the non-pure risk from the pure risk, requested us to from the world angle, dynamic understand great disaster risk we faced. The great disaster risk management has many kinds of forms; the great disaster insurance is the most effective way of the great disaster risk management. The great disaster insures generally refers to : because burst characteristics, unforeseen, avoidless the property damage and the person casualties, and harms the specially huge like earthquake, the hurricane, the Tsunami, the flood and so on. To initiate the disastrous accident which give the safeguard the loss compensation and the risk scattered system. How to establish effective, perfect system of great disaster becomes the important issue which various countries will face to now.The government and the society in the US always takes seriously stress on the great disaster risk, the great disaster insured in the US also had many supports and protections, obtained the very big development. After 100 years of continuous development and improvement, it has now established a set of well-established model of catastrophe insurance operation. The American national flood insurance plan is the most early in the world; moreover a more successful great disaster insures system. Conducting the deep research to it from the system stratification plane has the important enlightenment regarding to our country's great disaster insurance system's establishment.U.S. national flood insurance program's establishment course is difficult and tortuous. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the initial stage of the development of flood insurance is disorder, and the flood insurance has almost become everyone's afraid of the devil in the eyes of insurance companies. In the 1950s, the American realized gradually to commercial flood insurance operation's all sorts of questions, in 1956, the United States Congress adopted "Federal Flood Law of insurance", established the federation flood insurance system. The final in 1968, the U.S. Congress passed the "National Flood Insurance Act", the following year to develop the "National Flood Insurance Plan Act", establish a national flood insurance fund, and begin to implement national flood insurance program, the use of legal means to the initial establishment of a national flood insurance system. However, the implementation of the bill has encountered many problems. Therefore, in December 1973 the U.S. Congress to protect national flood insurance program to promote, passed the flood insurance program which aimed at voluntary and compulsory from the "flood defense law." In 1981, the federal insurance administrative bureau underwent the tough negotiations to reach the agreement with several big Insurance companies, proposed one"by your own name"plan. In accordance with the plan, private insurance companies on behalf of their own to sell NFIP flood insurance, for claims service, but no liability. The implementation of this plan made the national flood insurance to reduce operating costs, to improve service quality and efficiency. But this kind of balance does not forever preserve. In 2005,"Katrina", the hurricane, had created the unprecedented claim amount and the flood disaster loses. Therefore, the flood insurance's reform plan put on the agenda.View from the system American National Flood Insurance can be, (1) the main operation responsible for the national flood insurance is clear: the Government plans to introduce the main responsibility and insurance, the insurance company is the main marketing and underwriting, community and residents is the main insurance and risk prevention; (2) the national flood insurance system function is prepared: the institutional safeguard function, the enhancement working efficiency function, the strong restraint function, maintainable social stability function; (3) the national flood insurance system's risk dispersion is effective: The risk analysis tool's application, the Specialized agency carry on the global administration, to establish the great disaster insurance fund and the gain public credit; (4) the characteristics of the national flood insurance system stand out: the government to provide security, the implementation of mandatory, private insurance companies to participate in the insurance but does not assume responsibility for the protection of objects, a clear line of insurance requirements, non-rate with a combination of differential rates.The national flood insurance system for the United States has achieved remarkable results, however, it has obvious problems. Concretely it can be explored from the following four aspects: (1) the premium rate cannot reflect the actual flood risk; (2) not obtaining entire society widely to approve; (3) question of redundant compensation serious; (4) manages awaiting the consummation. The national flood insurance system encounters some difficulties in the above four aspects, caused the community to be able not but to question this system's validity, and appealed to carry on the numerous reforms to it.Finally the paper on the foundation of system analysis to the American National Flood Insurance, proposes the following policy enlightenment: establishing the great disaster insurance's policy and legal status, clearing the role of the government and the commercial insurance companies in the system, establishing the distinguished mechanism of the great disaster and the tariff arranges mechanism, establishing the great disaster risk scattered mechanism, setting up the agency of the great disaster risk to manage and to synchronizing gear specially. |
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