The Study Of The Market Trade And Smuggle Trade Between Song And Liao Dynasties

the cademia about the MT and smuggle trade (ST) between Song and Liao Dynasties, their relations, and the understanding. Few researchers specialized on these questions, and only described the related face or mentioned them at some situation. No systematic discussion emerges on the MT and ST between Song and Liao Dynasties. Here, the MT and ST between Song and Liao Dynasties are combined, and by solving several concrete questions on the economic relation between Song and Liao Dynasties, we aim to richen the achievement of the economic study of the Song and Liao Dynasties and get further understanding on the relation between Song and Liao Dynasties.The MT between Song and Liao Dynasties refers to the trade through a special organization which is set by the governments of Song and Liao at the border area. Instead, Smuggle trade (ST) is an unlawful trade. Such an economic communication way exists between the neighboring countries in ancient time, and generally is fork trade. ST exists between Song and Liao dynasty for a long term. Before the alliance of ChanYang, war happened between the two countries occasionally, so that ST became a main way for the economic communication. After the alliance of ChanYang, the MT was regularized. However, both governments made series of rules and regulations to limit the flow of important materials. This cannot satisfy the need of people's daily living. Therefore, the ST began to bloom in both ocean and overland. Most of the smuggled goods were important for the people's life, however, forbidden by the governments. Besides, the smuggled goods include weapons, leather and sulfur (used for the making of weapons), copper cash, books and kinds of minerals. To prevent the outflow of these materials, both governments made a series of rules and regulations, and the execution became severer as the blossom of ST activity.As an unlawful trade, ST affects the tax revenue, disturbs the economic order, ruins the national administration of trade, and speeds the official corruption. However, when MT was limited, ST maintained the unblocked state of the economic communication between the South and North, and met the demand of the daily living and production of various people.MT and ST have different subjects, so that their interest belongs to different subjects. All though their relation is opposite in the trading manner, but they are mutual complementary in their role on the products. They form the main part of the trade of Song and Liao Dynasties, promote the economic and cultural communication between the South and North.The trade history of the Song and Liao Dynasties for nearly one hundred years indicates that the mainstream of the ethic relation is the economic and cultural communication and friendly intercourse. The trade between Song and Liao promoted their respect development, and a territorial center formed at the north Liao realizing the territorial union. It also leaded to a great transitional change of the national consciousness during the Liao-Song-Xia-Jin period, which is called dynasty confucianization of the minority. This embodied the transition of the history evolvement from"world-unity"to"Chinese-unity". By making use of the advantage of its strong economics, and by means of the MT, Song dynasty harmonizes the ethic relation. This is a great innovation on the minority policy in the borderland since Han and Tang Dynasty in our history.