The Fengxiang Pronouns Research

This article reveals the whole appearance of pronouns in Fengxiang dialect based on phonetics, grammar, semantics, pragmatics,in order to make up the blank space of the systematic investigation on pronouns of Qinlong patch in Guanzhong dialects,and establish solid foundation for further study of the grammar of Fengxiang dialect,in addition,to supply reference for comparative research of pronouns in Chinese dialects and research of Northwestern dialects.This article can be divided into five chapters.Chapter I outlines the current achievements on the research of pronouns in Chinese dialects,and illustrates the goals,significances,objects,contents as well as methods of this study.It also introduces the sketch of people,history,geography and dialects in Fengxiang.Chapter II describes and analyses the forms,senses and expressions of singular-plural forms and possessive construction of three personal pronouns,self-addressing pronouns,redidual demonstrative pronouns,general demonstrative pronouns and individual demonstrative pronouns in Fengxiang dialect.The singular"I""You""He/She"of three personal pronouns read falling-rising tone,their tones engender analogical creation, they have to take sandhi,changing into level tone simultaneously,which expresses feeling of familiarity,love, respect, when making the possessive attributive of relatives."He/She" displays differently compared with"ke"(个)"kuai''(拐)aind"wai''((?))vvhich are also the third personal pronouns.There are two plural marks of "de"(的)and "hun"(浑)about personal pronouns, they display differently.The plural personal pronouns composed by "de" (的)not only have forms of double-syllable,but also have prolonged forms of the syllable.The three personal pronouns can be divided into three types according to the possessive attributive marks:①non-possessive,②non-mark possessive,③mark possessive.The redidual demonstrative pronoun"Ya''(伢)not only has the same senses and usages with "Ren jia"(人家),but also has grammaticalized into functional mark elaborating emphasis.Single-syllable plurals"Wo"(我)"Ni"(你)"Ta"(他)in Guanzhong dialects come from the drop of suffix "De"(的)of double-syllable plurals "Wo de"(我的)"Ni de"(你的)"Ta de"(他的),the sandhi of Single-syllable plurals come from disyllabic tone sandhi,not internal flexion.ChapterⅢdescribes and analyses the pronunciations,meanings,usages as well as distinctions among the inner terms of each type of demonstrative pronouns in Fengxiang dialect.The demonstrative pronouns in Fengxiang dialect belong to dichotomy which have abundant phonological strata,not having two layers about demonstrative pronouns that refer to far. Each type of demonstrative pronouns usually contain many terms,which are not equivalent,and display diversely.ChapterIV describes all sorts of usages of"ke"'(个)and"kuai''(拐)as demonstrative pronouns and structural particles in detail,in the same time,it analyses the co-occurrence of these two usages.Chapter V describes and analyses the pronunciations,meanings,usages as well as distinctions among the inner terms of each type of interrogative pronouns in Fengxiang dialect.