| Memory illusion is remembering events that never happened, or remembering them quite differently from the way that they happened. Although perception and memory started to be researched on at the same time, but the time exploring perception illusion is over one hundred years earlier than memory illusion. Ebbinghaus' studies gave quantitative base on memory illusion; Bartlett first conducted experiment in this field in 1932.Relatedness effect, one kind of memory illusion, refers to such a phenomenon if one word is semantically related to previously presented words, so people falsely recognize it. Because relatedness effect has great theoretical and experiential significance, systematic laboratory researches have been gradually carried out. Deese (1959), Roediger and McDermott(1995) induced false recall and false recognition for words that were not presented in lists, which formed principal model about relatedness effect, which is abbreviated as DRM model. They had subjects study lists of some words that were associated with a common word (called critical lure). Although critical lures were not presented, subjects would recall or recognize them. After that, the researches have many hypotheses to account for the representations of the experiments, in which the most important are implicit associative response hypothesis (Underwood, 1965), spreading activation model (Collins, Loftus, 1975), fuzzy-trace theory (Brainerd, Reyna, 1990), and reality monitoring theory (Johnson, 1988), These four models could not be considered to be systematic ones, because important definitions could not be retested. So there are still many uncertainties remaining in the field. The present study aimed to find underlying variables to stimulate further researches.Some researches shows that the encoding factors partly affect memory illusion (Kathleen, McDermott, 1996), and retrieval factors also play an important role in it. Specially, the study of the effect of taking an initial test on performance on later test has a long history, the main performance on which is studying the influence of initial test. One general finding is the testing effect: taking a test leads to greater recall or recognition on a later test than found in a control condition in which no first test is given. However, the effect of testing can also have deleterious consequences on later recall, as seen in these experiments (seen too Schooler, Loftus, 1988;Payne et al., 1996,Experiment 2). A second consistent finding is that repeated testing can lead to greater overall recall of the target material under certain conditions, a finding called hypermnesia (Erdelyi, Becker, 1974;Payne, 1987). Therefore, under the DRM paradigm, this research discussed the effect ofprevious test on memory illusion.At the same time, for instructing the practice, experiment 3 selected explicit warning as dependence variable in order to lower memory illusion.The research included three experiments. Using the Chinese characters getting from ZhangLi(1998)as material and the undergraduates with normal sight and color sense as subjects. All the three experiments programmed with Borland Delphi to control time and word presentation, including some booklets to carry out experiments. The experiments selected the recalling rates of critical lures and presented words or recognizing rate of them. The researches aimed to explore the following:1. After the two different actions 梤ecalling or doing mathematic questions?occurred, whether previous recalling influenced memory illusion (experiment 1);2. Subjects studied one time and recalled it three times to see that whether repeated tests could increase memory illusion (experiment 2);3. If telling in advance the innate characteristic of the memory illusion, namely explicit warning, whether it could reduce the rate of false recall or false recognition (experiment 3).The experiment results indicated:1. Previous recalls were insusceptible to memory illusion, but it improved the rate of presented words;2. Repeated tests cou... |
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