The Northern Government Modernization Of Foreign Affairs

Diplomacy which obey and serve the internal affairs is a continuation of it. The focus of foreign policy which the country institute is how to preserve national sovereignty and interests utterly, and improve the country's international status, influence, prestige and so on. After establishment of the Republic of China, foreign institutions which experienced a thorough change in diplomatic mechanism including mechanism , legislative system and staff achieved a qualitative leap, gradually lined with the international community. Although the Beiyang Government's rule time is relatively short, it which made major breakthrough and achieved diplomatic success broke the Qing Government's "fight at frist, yield at last" passive foreign situation. The period of Beiyang Government is a crucial period in which our country's modern diplomatic system officially formed.Beiyang Government's diplomatic thinking which based on the nationalism thinking including independence and equality and mutual benefit was more muture and progress than Qing Government. Beiyang Government was on the behalf of country, developing peaceful diplomacy with the western countries for the sake of national sovereignty and territorial interests. Northern Government used a variety of strategies and opportunities to force western countries modify the unequal treaties. At the same time, Beiyang Government took advantage of the conflicts and contradictions between western countries and got back interests and powers as much as possible. Based on this foundation, Beiyang Government consolidated the achievements which already made and expand it by pragmatic diplomacy. This is the important manifestation of modernization of Beiyang Government's diplomatic thinking.The modernization of Beiyang Government's diplomacy reflected the reformation of diplomatic institutions obviously. In the early years of Republic of China, with reference to the western model of foreign affairs ministry, Beiyang Government innovated the system of China's administrative diplomacy and established modernized diplomatic system, and then settled the basic pattern of Republic of China's whole diplomatic system; Furthermore, Beiyang Government issued the new Organic Law of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs which made the organization comparatively refined, healthy, and powers and responsibilities clearly as well. Staff recruitment broke the previous recommend system, the new diplomatic system promoted diplomatic functions, specialization and made a host of diplomats give service to the front line of diplomacy over a long period of time. Among these people, above all, a considerable number of returned intellectuals who received western-style education were recruited to give service in foreign institutions. Under this circumstance, diplomat's overall quality would be enhanced and formed a professional diplomatic team, then created a career diplomat Beiyang groups. The diplomats who were the important pioneers and practitioners of China's modern diplomatic system played a very important part in China's diplomatic history. Meanwhile, they were the soul of diplomacy in Republic of China.Based on "strengthening the nation to survive", Beiyang Government took flexible diplomatic approach in order to resist new foreign aggression according to different times, different occasions and different targets. In this case, Beiyang Government got back several interests and powers. In the struggle history of unequal treaties abolition, Beiyang Government made great effort to launch revisions and negotiations between Chinese Government and world's powers. Beiyang Government take bilateral diplomacy to multilateral diplomacy and negotiations to revision, and then take the measure of unilateral denunciation, collective representations individual representations. Beiyang Government changed the situation from relying on powers to relying financial resources of people. All the measures mentioned above achieved remarkable results and had an important impact on diplomacy of National Government later.