| PrivilegeofSilenceisaproductofwesternmodernlegalsystemwhichisdevelopingwiththeupswingofmovementofhumanrights.ItissaidthatprivilegeofsilencemainlyoriginsfromthetraditionofEnglishcommonlaw,theCharterin1215andthecontinentallawincludingthelawofRomanandthechurchlaw.PrivilegeofSilence,takingarepeatingroute,cameintobeingoriginallyinEngland.Afterthe16thcentury,theprincipleofanti-self-accusingwasestablishedwhichmadetheprivilegeofsilenceimpossible.ThecaseofJohnLiebeninthe17thcenturyisamilestonefortheestablishmentofthesystem.Americasucceededthissystemandin1966,theFederalCourtillustratedMirandaWarningsinthecaseofMirandav.Arizona.GermanyandJapanhavestipulatedthissystemdirectlybylegislationofcriminalprocedurelaw.Uptopresent,mostofcountriesanddistrictshaveestablishedtheruleofprivilegeofsilenceintheirconstitutionortheircriminalprocedurelaw.Thedevelopmentofprivilegeofsilencetakesalongtimeandazigzagroute.Thescopeofithasbeenwidening.Thissystemtreatsasbarbarismthelegalprocedurewhichinfringesthehumandignityandfreedom.Itsymbolizesthedeclarationofwarofjusticetoinjustice.Theestablishmentofthissystemistheembodimentofsuccessofcivilizationaswellastheadvancementofourhumanbeings.Theproduceanddevelopmentofprivilegeofsilencehasitsethicbase,suchashumanityandhumanism,anditsprinciples,suchasjustice.Itcommitsitselftoprotectthelawfulrightsofthecriminalsuspectedandthedefendant,tolimittheexcesspowerofnationalmachineryandtoavoidtheinfringementofhumanrights.Fromthe1970's,U.K.andU.S.A.havereformedthesystemofprivilegeofsilenceundertheconsiderationofpublicpolicy.Theirprecedentsandlawsplainlyregulatelimitationstotheprivilegeofsilenceinordertopreventthenegativeeffectofprivilegeofsilencetotheinterestsofmostofpeopleinthesociety.InChina,affidavit,asthekingofevidences,isinfluencingnegativelythebuildingofnomocracy.SomecriminalpolicyandmanystipulationsintheCriminalLawentirelyviolatethejustlegalprinciplesandneglecttherespecttoandtheprotectionofhumanrights.Withthereformandournation'scriminalproceduresystemandtheentryintotheWorldTradeOrganization,weshouldintroducetheprivilegeofsilenceandtheideaoffreedom,humanityandjusticeintoourcountrytomakehermorecivilizedandmoreadvanced.Theauthorintroducesthenecessity,andtheprobabilityofintroducingthesystemofprivilegeofsilenceintoChinaandseekstoillustratetheurgencyofestablishingit.Moreover,heconsiderscomprehensivelythepracticalsituationofChinaandputsforwardssomeapplicablemeasures.Thelegalpracticeshowsthattheprivilegeofsilenceisusuallyutilizedbycriminalstoavoidbeingaccusedandthetrial.Butcomparedwiththenecessityofprotectionofhumanrights,theimportanceofintroducingthissystemintoChinaisgreaterthanotherwise.Therefore,weshouldestablishthesystem,whilemakingsomelimitationsaccordingtothepracticallife.Theauthorsuggests,Firstly,thelegislationandthesocietyofournationshouldchangetheirnotion,including,(a)changetheideathatprocedureislessimportantthantheentity,andtakeintoaccountbothoftheindividualrightsandthepowerofthenation;(b)theultimatevalueofprivilegeofsilenceistoprotectthedignityofhumanbeingsfromviolation;(c)understandandadvertisetheconceptionofprivilegeofsilence,thatis,thenatureofthissystemistoendowthedefendantandthecriminalsuspectedwiththerightofwhethertogivestatementandwhatstatementtheycangive.Theestablishmentofitistobalancethepowerofnationmachineryofhumanrightsandeliminatethetorturetothedefendantorthesuspectedinacquiringevidences.Secondly,inlegislation,(a)introducetheprincipleofinnocent-inferenceintotheconstitution;(b)abolishthecriminalpolicythatforgivingyouifyoumakeaconfessionandbeseveretoyouifyoudon'tcooperatewiththelegislation;(c)abolishthearticle93intheCriminalProcedureLaw;(d)giveprotectionofthesystemofprivilegeofsilenceindifferentphasesinthecriminalsuitandperfectthesystemofwitness;(e)lawyersintervenethecaseahead,forinstance,lawyers'rightsshouldbeexpandedandtheycanattendwhenthesuspectedisinquestedtolessentheburdenofthesuspected;theycanapplyforexaminingthebodyofthesuspectedandrequestthereleaseofthesuspectedifhe/sheisover-detained;theycanrequestcourtstosaveevidencesfromdamage.Thirdly,inpractice,thelimiteds... |
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