Modern Revising The Unequal Treaties In The Comparative Study

In the mid-19th century, under the western powers gunboats armed attack or threat of force, China and Japan were both forced to sign a series of unequal treaties, faced with colonial crisis. To shake off the shackles of unequal treaties, Chinese and Japanese governments and the people set off a continuing campaign to amend the unequal treaties.Firstly, a brief review of the unequal treaties of the two countries on the background and the formation process were concerned, and the unequal treaties on the similarities and differences between the two countries were compared. Britain was the country that opened up the Chinese vanguard. The result of the first Anglo-Chinese Opium War in 1840 was that China was forced to signing the first representative of the unequal treaties led by the "Treaty of Nanking" with the United Kingdom and Western powers. As a beginning, the unequal treaties in China continued to expand, has been extended to the World War I period. Modern China has signed 745 unequal treaties with 22 western countries, and then the cumbersome system of unequal treaties formed. Not only has China forced many ceding territory and paying indemnities, but lost many other national rights and interests, such as consular jurisdiction, the right tariff agreement, inland shipping and so on. So, China became a semi-colonial country devastated. United States was the first country to open Japan's. Japan was forced to signing "Kanagawa Treaty" with the United States in 1854. Take this as the beginning, Japan signed more than twenties unequal treaties with fourteen the US-led Western powers. Japan also trapped in the net of unequal treaties of Romania. In view of the strategic position of the two countries, the main opponent, the background and the process of signing, Chinese and Japanese governments treat unequal treaties such as the attitude of different aspects, thus the unequal treaty system of the two countries, the impact and the hazards were also different.To shake off the shackles of unequal treaties, the Chinese and Japanese governments and the public then launched a campaign to amend the unequal treaties. The second part of the article focused on the amending background, process and effect of the unequal treaties of the two countries, and carried out an in-depth comparative study. In China, the late Qing government began revising the unequal treaties, the Beijing government broke through while at cups and dishes subsequently, the Nanjing government continued struggling and made success, the mission of repairing the appointment completed in 1943. Japan's shogunate period have done a series of revised preparations. After the Meiji government set up, the revision have been looked as a primary subject in foreign affairs and fully prepared for, under the persevering efforts of Foreign Secretary, Japan completed the mission in 1911. Revise unequal treaty given to the two different attitudes, the differences between national strength and international situation, and many other factors determined the background of the two countries in the revision, such as the course and effect of the differences. Compared with Japan, China's revision process was not only a late start, lengthy process, but an obvious stage. Besides the differences, there also have some similarities such as the revised strategy in the negotiations, compromises with western countries etc.The third part mainly from the revised premise, unequal treaty system, the resistance of revise unequal treaty, as well as foreign affairs, about four aspects of the differences between the two countries revised the deep-seated reasons, and thus summed up these deep-seated reasons was that many of history factors combined result of joint efforts.Through the comparative study about unequal treaty of modern China and Japan, we wan obtain the following enlightenment: external strength is the basis of representations that only by continuously enhance their own comprehensive national strength and international competitiveness, equal dialogue in foreign representations can be set up; in the complicated international situation, only develop realistic foreign policy and the use of flexible diplomatic strategy and negotiation skills, to effectively safeguard national interests; a full grasp of theory and application of international law to justify a foreign section to handle disputes.