| 【Objective】The aim of this experiment was to investigate the spatial distribution of Lithocolletis ringoniella in apple orchard and the influence of orchard habitats on the occurrence of parasitoids and The aim of this experiment was to explore influences of temperature and nutrition on the development and longevity of Sympiesis soriceicornis and Apanteles theivorae.【Method】Five point sampling method was used to find target trees in apple orchards in Yangling and Luochuan, Shaanxi, China. One tree was selected in each point, and in one tree, the canopy was divided into 20 resource units, where 5 pieces of leaves damaged by Lithocolletis ringoniella were randomly selected to record the number of Lithocolletis ringoniella and parasitoid. The larvae of S. soriceicornis and A. theivorae were reared at various temperatures(10, 15, 20, 25℃),and the effects on the development and eclosion were studied. The adults of S. soriceicornis and A. theivorae were reared at different temperatures(10,15, 20, 25℃) and nutrition conditions (glucose, fructose and sucrose blends 300g/ L each; 10% honey solution; 5% honey solution; water) to investigate influences on longevity of these two kind of insects. All experiments were conducted in chamber under the condition of (70±5)% RH and 14/10(L/D).【Result】Five kinds of parasitoid(Sympiesis soriceicornis,Apanteles theivorae,Ageniaspis testacesipes,Sympiesis laevifrons,Pnigalio sp.) were found as the natural enemy of Lithocolletis ringoniella. In different habitats, damage rate of Lithocolletis ringoniella in orchard was: Abandoned old orchard>Weed of young orchard>Weed of old orchard>Neat old orchard>No velar young orchard>Velar young orchard; in apple tree was: Gala>Fushi>Qinguan>Hongxin. The number of Sympiesis soriceicornis in orchard was: Weed of old orchard>Weed of young orchard,Neat old orchard>No velar young orchard>Abandoned old orchard>Velar young orchard, in apple tree was : Gala>Qinguan>Hongxin>Fushi. The number of Apanteles theivorae in orchard was: Abandoned old orchard>Weed of young orchard>Neat old orchard>Weed of old orchard>Velar young orchard>No velar young orchard, in apple trees was: Gala>Qinguan>Fushi>Hongxin. Ageniaspis testacesipes only can be found in Weed of old orchard, and the number in apple trees was: Gala>Hongxin>Qinguan > Fushi. Gathered degree of Lithocolletis ringoniella, s larvae,Sympiesis soriceicornis,Apanteles theivorae,Ageniaspis testacesipes in canopy was in the range of 1≥λ≥0.88. Distribution type of Lithocolletis ringoniella, s larvae,Sympiesis soriceicornis,Apanteles theivorae,Ageniaspis testacesipes was all tend to gather distribution. Larvae of Lithocolletis ringoniella, Sympiesis soriceicornis, Ageniaspis testacesipes was in favor of the inside and lower part of canopy, but for Larvae of Lithocolletis ringoniella, the majority was found in north and east. For Sympiesis soriceicornis, the majority was found in north.For Ageniaspis testacesipes, the minor was found in north. Apanteles theivorae was relatively balanced distribution. The duration of pupae of S. soriceicornis extended as the temperature falls. If temperature was higher than 15℃, the duration of pupae of A. theivorae was shorter than 30d. When temperature was lower than 15℃, it was not good for the development of A. theivorae. The eclosion rate of S. soriceicornis and A. theivorae at different temperatures was 25℃﹥20℃﹥15℃﹥10℃. The eclosion rate of S. soriceicornis was (93.33±3.33)% at 25℃. If the temperature was lower than 15℃, the eclosion rate could not beyond 50%. As for A. theivorae, the eclosion rate was higher than 50% at all temperature regime. Low temperature could postpone the development of the pupae of A. theivorae. The longevity of S. soriceicornis and A. theivorae at different temperature was 10℃>15℃>20℃>25℃. On different nutrition conditions, the longevity of S. soriceicornis and A. theivorae was blends>10% honey solution>5% honey solution>water. There was interaction effect between temperature and nutrition condition on the longevity of A. theivorae, but none found on S. soriceicornis.【Conclusion】Garden habitat can greatly influence the occurrence of Lithocolletis ringoniella and its parasitoid。Fine management is the effective way to control Lithocolletis ringoniella. In space-time dynamic, Apanteles theivorae performances well than Sympiesis soriceicornis and Ageniaspis testacesipes, and can be used as the first choice to control Lithocolletis ringoniella. Regulation can be found between temperature and the development and eclosion of A. theivorae and S. soriceicornis. Temperatures and nutrition conditions play important roles on longevity of S. soriceicornis and A. theivorae. Feeding A. theivorae and S. soriceicornis with glucose, fructose and sucrose blends can extend their lives greatly at 10℃. |
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