The Influence Of Spend Mushroom Substrates Used As Organic Fertilizer On Soil Physical And Chemical Properties And Crop Growth For Maize-wheat Alternate Planting

Spent mushroom substrates(SMS) are the wastes after mushroom harvest.The production of mushroom in China is 18 million ton every year,so the production of SMS is more than 9 million ton.The SMS are not used effectively,and most of SMS are used as agricultural waste to drop or burn. SMS significantly pollute the environment and challenge the mushroom because the dropping SMS can bring about lots of bacterias.The raw materials of cultivating mushroom are cotton seed shell, com cob, sawdust, and rice straw an so on.these materials change through fermenting and the mycelium decomposition, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin decomposed to different extents.The SMS are source of high and plentiful nutrition,which can be potential of using as feed and organic fertilizer because of the content of Fe,Ca,Zn and Mg and crude protein, crude fat, amino acids and polysaccharides significantly increasing in SMS.Our study mainly focous on Tthe influence of spend mushroom substrates used as organic fertilizer on soil physical and chemical properties and crop growth for maize-wheat alternate planting.The rusults are as followings:1 The soil bulk density will be reduced when SMS are used as basal fertilizer.The more using SMS,the lower soil bulk density,the effct will be more better if fertilizing continuously;SMS' effect on lowing level of soil bulk density is more obviously than the traditional organic fertilizer cow manure. SMS can protect the soil hardening and paly a important role on improving the crop growing environment.The pH of soil is increased afer fertilizing SMS,because cultivating mushroom require lots of lime and alkaline substances,which aggravate the soil pH,in addition that the soil itself is alkaline.The pH will be reduced after SMSfermenting once again which decrease the influencial level of soil alkaline.The soil pH will be reduced to normal level with the action of soil microbiology as the growth of wheat and maize.In the long run,SMS will have no significant effect on the soil pH.2 The activity of invertase of soil will be increased when SMS are used as basal fertilizer. The activity of invertase in test area where the SMS is fertilized increase during the process of maize-wheat alternate planting.The activity of invertase in second harvest of maize increase 200% compared to the first harvest of maize,and the effect if very obviously.The difference in fresh and ferment SMA of effect on increasing phosphatase os soil is not obvirous and so is the different fertilizing amount of SMS.The activity of phosphatase of soil will be increased when SMS are used as basal fertilizer.The effect is more obvirous in the period of maize growing.SMS'effect on the ctivity of phosphatase is increasingly obvirous with the growing period going. The activity of soil phosphatase in test area where the SMS are fertiliz at 3000Kg/mu,is highest. he effct on activity of soil phosphatase using SMS is more significant than fertilizing the same cow manure.The activity of urease of soil will be increased when SMS are used as basal fertilizer..The effct on increasing activity of soil urease using fresh SMS is more significant than using ferment SMS. The activity of soil urease in test area where the SMS are fertilizing at 3000Kg/mu,is highest.The effct on activity of soil urease using SMS is more significant than fertilizing the same cow manure.SMS have no effect on the soil'catalase.3 SMA can be used as N fertilizer and can increase the content of N in soil.The content of N in test area where the SMS are fertilizing at 3000Kg/mu, are amount to or more than the CK compound fertilizer in the second post-havert maize.The content of N in teae area where the SMS are fertilizing at 3000Kg/mu, is the most.SMS have no effct on the content of P in soil when used as basal fertilizer.However,SMS can make the element of P change into available P,supporting the growth of crop. The more using SMS,the more available P in soil.In addition,SMS also delay the losing of available P in soil.SMA can be used as K fertilizer.Howerer, it require long time to affect the soil as K fertilizer. SMS can make the element of Kchange into available K.The effect will bi more obvirous when using SMS as fertilizer in the long time.The organic matter in soil will be increased obvirously when SMS are used as basal fertilizer. SMS can also promote the decomposition of organic matter,making them change into the available nutrition for crop growth,which improve the soil' fertility.4 SMS can offer soil microbiology nutrition,increasing the number of bacteria,and actinomycetes and inhibiting the number of fungi and actinomycetes.The number of fungi in test area where fresh SMS are used above 3000kg/mu,are also be inhibited.Although the extent of inhibition effect of ferment SMS is lower,it is not good for the generation of bacteria,and actinomycetes.It require continuously studies whether the effect exit or not when long time used.5 SMS offer partial nutrition for crop growth when used as basal fertilizer to some extent. SMS promote the height of strain and increasing of dry weight. Kernel weight in test area where SMS are used,is not affected.The nutrition of SMS release requiring a long time,which can't meet the crop growth.The production of maize increase when the usage of more SMS. Grain weight and tiller number in area when used SMS are less than CK compound fertilizer,so is the produnction of wheat.It indicates that SMS have lower effect on promoting the production of crop than ompound fertilizer.SMS affect the production of wheat and maize in short time.Howere,SMS can increase soil's fertility as organic fertilizer and have good effect on the improving soil and increasing soil's fertility when used in long time period.