| The Holocene environmental change and the ancient human survival and development are closely related. Discussing the relationship between the Holocene environmental change and human activities is of great practical value and theoretical significance to the forecast trend in the future. Environmental archeology always focused attention on the Liangzhu culture and its development environment in Yangtze River. Based on the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"Liangzhu Cultural Development Environment (Y5080307)", with the theory and methods on geo-information TuPu and the profuse archaeological data, the number of statistics, the field survey, TuPu technology, we obtain Liangzhu cultural sites'environmental information and map features, such as the spatial and temporal distribution, production and life, social structure and so on. And we also discuss the environmental change and cultural response mode in Liangzhu period. Initially getting the following main conclusions:(1)Spatial and temporal information TuPu about Liangzhu culture sites shows that: there were changed of site number, mean center, agglomeration direction,concentration area, agglomeration distance from early to late liangzhu periods. The number of Liangzhu cultural sites was the largest in mid Liangzhu culture periods, then the later, and the early fewest, but the key to Liangzhu culture development depended on the number sites in early Liangzhu period. Mean center had changed from the west bank of taihu, the south bank of taihu to the west bank of taihu during Liangzhu culture periods. At the same time, the axis of Standard Deviational Ellipse had changed 19°in counter-clockwise relatively to mid-liangzhu culture, also, it changed 40°relatively to late-liangzhu culture. Elliptical area also changed from big to small and then large, agglomeration radius had narrowed from early to late, but the concentration level was the highest in middle liangzhu culture. The process showed that liangzhu cultural evolution was dispersed, gather, dispersed from early to later periods.(2)Production and Living information TuPu shows that:there were different characteristics about building locations, building functions and differentiation, resource utilization and handicraft industry development during Liangzhu culture periods. The altitude about Sites location changed from higher, lower, to higher, and the architectural features were also more prominent in the middle Liangzhu culture. Resource utilization, rice farming and water utilization were relatively weak in early and later Liangzhu culture, otherwise, it was the highest in mid-liangzhu culture. Jode bi and pottery showed that:handicrafts changed from coarse to fine in shape and workmanship during the liangzhu culture. This process showed that production and living changed from coarse to fine and then declined during the Liangzhu culture.(3)The social organization information TuPu showed that the smallest population of Liangzhu period was 33,478 and the largest carrying value of population was approximately 410,000, the change of population size and site area revealed the class differentiation for significant village level. The analysis for Liangzhu site group showed that sizes of Liangzhu early, middle and late period sites were different, the population were 650,3400 and 2100,the change of population size and site area revealed the relationship for senior settlement and primary settlement of Liangzhu site group were mutually dependent. In general, social organizations of internal Liangzhu site group could be initially divided into three:rights center, right unit and right monomer.(4)TuPu showed that there was a close connection between the liangzhu culture development and environmental change during 5.3～4 ka B.P.In between 5.3 ka B.P.～4.9 ka B.P., the sea-level was sharply declined. Together with warm climate,liangzhu culture sites was scattered and mean center located in YiLi Mountains. The sparse archaeological sites with stilt houses were mostly found on the higher land while low-lying area still showed lake environmental. People were engaged in rice agriculture but development level was very lower because of environmental change, so, ancestors must need more lager activities space when they were engaged in social production by capturing and hunting. Handicraft products such as polished stone, Yuntian devices and jade Bi and so on reflected the rough social production in the early liangzhu culture period. Liangzhu sites grouping with 650 peoples and small villages showed the initial development of Liangzhu culture and formation of social forms in the early liangzhu culture periodBetween 4.9 ka B.P.～4.3 ka B.P., the sea level was low, together with cool and dry, with groundwater falling, providing more space for humankind. The activities of our ancestors from the higher land, sloped to the vast plains,and the trend was concentrated, Cultural mean center also moved to the south bank of Taihu Lake. The amount of archaeological sites increased significantly, whose distribution was centralized and in a much larger area. Architectural form had changed, building functions also changed from single to multi-functional. The large number of grass pollen and rice remains showed that there was rich life products, so activities radius was decreased. The extent of human demand for water was more and more strong because of dry-cool, the development of rice agriculture, population sharply growth. The tools such as an stone plow, stone sickles, animal production tools demonstrated that original production technology revolution had appeared, etiquete was reflected by jade ritual, class and social stratification were reflected by tombs,settlements, which shows that there had coercive power and domination mechanisms. There was 3400 people in liangzhu sites group,at the same time, class differentiation significant in settlement. These all indicated that Liangzhu culture had entered the national scale with initial civil society and Liangzhu culture was in a period of peak prosperity.In 4.3 ka B.P.～4 ka B.P., some factors such as the increasing sea level, the expanding water area, abnormal temperature in 4ka B.P. renderd the Liangzhu people's living space to reduce. The number of sites had reduced, thus relatively expended the culture's distribution range to the middle liangzhu culture period, at the same time, cultural mean center moved to the YiLi Mountain again. Construction site moved to platforms and slope fields with high altitude in order to response environmental change. Owning to deterioration of living conditions, Liangzhu society was instability, Shiyue and Shizu also confirmed this. There were 2100 people and settlement size was smaller in Liangzhu sites group. As a result, rivers, lakes, sea interaction caused some environmental disaster such as abnormal water environment and rapid cooling and so on, which caused Liangzhu cultures disappear.(5)According to environmental change and cultural response mode in Liangzhu period, the sequence in Liangzhu culture continued, and the space was in dispersed-gathering-then scattered pattern. Along with this, the evolution trends of the production and life styles were in rough -fine- declining during the Liangzhu period, the social organizations changed from simple to complex, and showed class differentiation. Liangzhu cultural evolution fully proved that Liangzhu people was adapt to the environment. The Liangzhu culture raised in the period that the high sea level fell, blooming in the period of low sea level, declining when the sea picked up agaia, and along with the environmental anomalies. Therefore, the evolution of cultural elements was the most direct response to environmental changes during the Liangzhu period. |
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