Supervision Officals And The Late Qing New Deal

Supervision Officals are responsible for monitoring officals and giving advice to the empeors, which are established by ancient empeors to keep the government chean and keep themseves clear-headed. All dynasties set different names to supervision officals, but their duties have no huge differences. Qing dynasty had followed political institution from Ming dynasty, and at the beginning of establishing, it had set Duchayuan,where speech officals were working. At meanwhile, considering and introspecting historical lessons of the end of the Ming dynasty, empeors HuangTaiji and Shunzi attached very importance to what the supervision officals said and the whole political environment were very favorable. However, when the Qing dynasty had steady control of China, Emperors Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong had made constinuous literary inquisition which changed the public opinion environment absolutely.At the end of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the world had changed. And China had to face this situation, which started China's himulation history. The public opinon environment had changed. From the end of Tongzhi to Guangxu, it was very favorable period, and supervision officals started the last honor of ancient Chinese supervision officals.With the beginning of the New Deal, three supervision officals of Duchayuan during Guangxu period impeached bigwigs such as prince Yikuang and Yuanshikai constinuously, discovered their mutual collusion and abusion of power. Though they failed, it was worth appreciating what they did at end of Qing dynasty. Meanwhile, they also gave some good advice during the Constitutional Reform, which represented their enlightened side.Analysing what the supervision officals said and did, this article concludes that we must attach importance to the monitor and also the contradiction of ancient supervision officals. It is useful to our modern political reform.