The Loss And Restoration Of Subjectivity

Human subjectivity is demonstrated as the activity, autonomy, self conduct and creativity in the practice of the human. Subjectivity is the most fundamental characteristic of the people. But when we observe the psychology, particularly in the course of development of mainstream psychology, human subjectivity is lost in the stringent experimental control, precise laboratory instruments, as well as accurate experimental data and data processing. The lost of subjectivity not only make the further development of psychology to be difficult, but also accelerated the internal division of psychology. However, this problem is concerned by many psychologists; for example, humanities psychology is established in order to oppose the scientific psychology to disregard the humanity, Russia subjective psychology also make great efforts on the return of the human subjectivity. But there are many deficiencies in their theory, make a lot of difficulties on the reversion road of the human nature. In this context, the article introduces another little-known theory of subjectivity——the subjective theory of German critical psychology. Although German critical psychology theory exist a lot of problems, opens another research perspective on subjectivity as a kind of relatively mature subjectivity theory.This article is divided into four parts:The first part mainly introduces the lost of the subjectivity in mainstream psychology, and the awakening and attempt of other psychological theory to revert subjectivity, thus leads to the subject of this article-German critical psychology. The neglect of the human subject in mainstream psychology caused a lot of criticism from the psychologist; the most familiar to us are humanities psychology and Russia subjective psychology. But, because of its inherent lack of the humanities psychology, their discussion of human subjectivity is only a weak voice, or the consciousness of subjectivity. Russia subjective psychology also has some problems, they can not put forward specific program about reversion, and discussion of subjectivity is mostly limited to the ontological level. German critical psychology is a more mature theory of subjectivity, has played an important role in reversion of subjectivity.The second part mainly introduces the critique of German critical psychology to the behavior of loss the subjectivity of the mainstream psychology. Critiques are mainly from four aspects. The first is the philosophy basis of mainstream psychology——positivism and mechanistic. The second is the critique about theoretical framework of mainstream psychology; it classified the mainstream psychology as bourgeois psychology from the ideology, and defined the scope and characteristic of the bourgeois psychology. At the some time, German critical psychology also criticized three bourgeois psychological theories:behaviorism, psychoanalysis and cognitive psychology. Next is the critique about research methods of mainstream psychology. When German critical psychology criticized the research methods of mainstream psychology, it presents the concept of a variable psychology. The founder of critical psychology Holzkamp pointed out that the three problems that exist in research methods of mainstream psychology:objective stance, stimulation pattern and strengthening effect. Finally, German critical psychology criticized the specific research of mainstream psychology, for example, cognition, emotion, motivation, and also put forward their views.The third part systematically introduced the reconstruction of theory of subjectivity. This part consists of four parts; the first is a philosophical reconstruction, that is, Marxism on Practice. Followed by the reconstruction of theoretical system, introduce the psychological development of person. Moreover, it also introduced some important theoretical concepts when referred to the theoretical reconstruction of German critical psychology, including the possibility relationship, subjective situation and action potence. The third is the reconstruction of the research methods, Holzkamp raised a new method——empirical-historical method. The article introduced the definition and the specific applications of empirical-historical method. Finally is the reconstruction of the specific researches of German critical psychology, it brief introduced the researches of German critical psychology on personality development, education and learning, and psychotherapy.The fourth part brave predicts the psychology blueprint for future development from the three aspects. The first is a philosophical concept; it needs to get rid of a species of philosophy into a practical philosophy. Followed by psychological theory construction, it needs to get rid of one or the other vision of two-discrimination, into the inclusive vision of integration. Last are the specific research methods of psychology, it proposed the psychology research idea of the standpoint of subjectivity.In the last of the article, it briefly evaluated the subjectivity theory of the German critical psychology, pointed out the inadequacies in the subjectivity theory, and also affirmed the enormous contribution made by the German critical psychology to the regression of the human subjectivity.