The Reference Words And The Topics They Marked

The reference words present in the grammar study is not sufficient. This article bases on the language facts, to tens of millions of words in the corpus the exhaustiveness of observation on the basis of the analysis, from the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and three plane angles to said such words as" shuodao" the system description.The meaning and usage of "shuodao"have four kinds:the first is talk, credited as" shuodao1", second is speech meaning, credited as "shuodao2",third is concerning righteousness, credited as "shuodao3",fourth is topic marker, credited as "shuodao4". Statistics shows that" shuodao2" is the most important usage; followed by "shuodao1";"shuodao3" and "shuodao4" smaller percentage, belongs to its special usage."shuodao" grammaticalization has experienced three stages:lexicalization, grammaticalization, tokenization."shuodao" grammaticalization reason mainly has three aspects:the syntactic mechanism, cognitive mechanism, pragmatic mechanism The syntactic mechanism aspects, first is the syntactic position changes. Followed by the semantic generalization, third is to analysis. The cognitive mechanism of metaphor, mainly play a role, and the human cognitive law of reason. Pragmatic mechanism, the high use frequency of "shuodao", is the power.of its grammaticalization mainly.The article inspected some sentences that has "shuodad" as a topic marker in the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic features. Syntactically, a topic is in front of a sentence.there can be a pause after a topic. Topic and the problem can be inserted with other ingredients.It can bring the topic marker, can be in the sentence, complex component, a topic can be commanding several sentences or even the whole paragraph. Semantically," shuodao" topic sentences can be divided into five categories:argument and argument of coreference topic, topic, register copy topic,subject-content type, identical topic topic. Pragmatics, topic has discourse function, communicative function and contrast function.Finally the article compares the reference words "shuodao""shuoqi"and"tiqi" in the degree of grammaticalization, the topic marker and a topic marker characteristics in three aspects.