| Darfur is located in the eastern part of the African Sahel, there are mainly three different ecological regions from north to south. There are transitional and complementary characteristics about land use in this regional. Darfur has land communally in the pre-estate period, Sultan Musa Ibn Suleiman have introduced a new system of granting land titles, called "hakura", its develop and retain land-public. Traditional land tenure effective management the land allocation of the tribes and to ensure cooperation between the farmers and pastoralists. The defect is there are contradictions between the tribes, pastoralists in a disadvantageous position. Besides, it has potential unstable factors about immigrants land management, at last, Darfur’s tribes are divided into two major categories of land and the landless. Nevertheless, the early land problem is not obvious and can be solved in local governance.The basic structure of land tenure systems have not changed fundamentally in Turco-Egyptian (1821-1884), Mahdi rule period(1885-1889)Anglo-Egyptian rule (1916-1956).As the long-term independent of the central government and marginalized in country’s political and economic, many policies, including land tenure, did not make major adjustments.After the1970s, Darfur’s land problem are increasingly serious. On the one hand, government’s policies and strategies in the management of local affairs, especially the formulation of relevant laws and regulations,are not based on local customs and traditions. First of all, abolition local governance, weakening of the traditional management system and the political destruction of the land management function, but the new order has never really play a role. Second, redrawing of the administrative regions cause new land conflict. Third, The purpose the new land policies is to implement government policy, without considering the traditional land system.On the other hand, the Land facing increasing pressure. The drought has changed the land use structure, making fanning and grazing environmental degradation, mass population migration brought new demand for land. Surge of population intensified the pressure on the land. The expansion of arable land, animal husbandry increased, exacerbating the friction between the farming and animal husbandry. So public grazing system has become a very important factor leading to conflict between farmers and herdsmen.Darfur’s land problem is not only the result of marginalized, but also increase pressure on land. The unsuccessful transformation, resulting in serious consequences. Land disputes between fanners and herders, pastoralists, the tribal within increase sharp in the last two decades. Competition for land is also an important motive in Darfur crisis. Meanwhile, conflict give rise new land conflicts, became an important reason for the current phase of land issues.To solve the land problem, its need to break the vicious cycle of conflict with land issues, to stop the conflict and to resolve land issues must be simultaneously. Traditional land system need to inherit and make reasonable adjustments. New systems of land tenure, must be guarantee the rights of the original land owners, but also to meet the new demand for land. Besides, it should not only reflect the national interest, but also reflect local interests. To this end, clear land rights, address land registration issues is a priority. Strengthen land management capacity, emphasis on local management and to provide more public services are both directions of-the government efforts in the future. In addition, play a land potential and promote the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry is the fundamental way to solve the land problem. |
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