| Turn of the19and20century, the sacred territory of Tibet located in the Southwest China frequently subjected to the envy of and aggression of Britain and Russia, the situation was precarious. Well versed in diplomacy and Tibetan affairs Yintang letter to the court, details of Chen rectify Tibetan Works and humiliation and the advocate, by the Qing government attention, the rotation was appointed imperial envoys to Tibet to investigate and deal with the possession of things ". Han officials of the Qing Dynasty first presided over the Tibetan affairs, Yintang called "the investigation and handling of Tibetan affairs" minister, in fact, the exercise fully the terms of reference of the high commissioners for Chang, it is able to implement a comprehensive New Deal in the possession of things. Yintang early years of long-term as diplomatic envoys, in addition to has been involved in the Reform Movement of1898and the Late Qing affairs, so that his possession Service innovation with modern features. Since the possession of things to India negotiations in1905,1908, on behalf of China and the United Kingdom signed "in the English revision of the Tibet and India treaty trade Constitution Yintang concerned with Tibetan Works more than two years time. In the middle of October1906to May1907, she was issued a document, the establishment of institutions, the full implementation of the New Deal, he actually presided over the period of the Tibetan government.Zhang Yintang the implementation of the New Deal in Tibet is almost comprehensive, covering all fields of political, military, economic, social, science, education, and external representations, this article on Zhang from the above-mentioned aspects, the main contents are as follows:The introduction of the topics of academic values, recalled the of Yintang the Research, and developed the topics of research in terms of theory, data and other possible options. At the same time, it is enshrined in the method of this study and academic innovation lies.The first chapter is the full text of the background section discusses the objective and subjective reasons Yintang investigate and deal with the possession of things. Objectively, Yintang was ordered to investigate and deal with Tibet in advance of the situation in Tibet and the Qing court made an exception to the appointment of Han officials as reasons for the high commissioners. Subjectively, that Yintang familiar with the Tibetan Service, Restoration New Deal and the long-term experience of the outside he was appointed to investigate and deal with possession of things for personal reasons.The second chapter is mainly on the of Yintang Tibet New Deal political and military measures, punish corruption, advocated Bureaucracy reform, to train a new army and organizing Tibet policing and other aspects of research, pointed out to recover the Qing dynasty central military and political power in Tibet Zhang investigate and deal with the core content of the possession of things.The third chapter is mainly on Yintang Tibet New Deal initiatives in the field of economic, social, science, education and external representations, etc., pointing out that the implementation of these measures conducive to the cause of Tibet’s economic development, social progress and culture, education and health to carry out many to play a the role of the whip and plowed the hard earth.The fourth chapter is the conclusion of this article, Yintang Tibet comprehensive appraisal of the New Deal. This chapter analyzes the Chang by the court removed from Tibet, the New Deal was forced to dropout, views different from their predecessors. Yintang rule Tibet gains and losses are summarized in that there was a slight failings, the major achievements of the Tibetan New Deal must be affirmed.Yintang Tibet Deal is a comprehensive and specific to a certain extent modeled on the Late Qing many, but it opens the door towards modernization in Tibet, and laid the foundation for future progress and development of Tibet. |
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