A Study On The Religious Cases During Tongzhi Reign(1861-1870):an International Law Perspective

The international law were introduced to China during1861-1870,while Christianity missionaries entered the mainland caused many of religion cases during the same period after the the Tianjin treaty signed,. On the one hand, for "borrow t help suppress" reasons, The Qing Government still held appeasement attitude to the Christianity missionaries and Western powers, abided treaty and reprimand Inferior officials abided treaty, met the requirements of the western powers. On the other hand, The Qing Government live a double life, prevented missionary under the table. Some local officials were antagonistic to missionary treaty.were stimulate person and supporter of religion cases. But local officials protected the people insufficiently and surrender to the gun-boat. Due to the neglect of international law, Qing Government made a series of mistakes in religious policy about foundling Hospital and Justizsache. Qing Government was failed to banned breach in time, and failed to modify treaty. In order to solve the religion cases, Western Power frequently use gun-boat to threaten Qing Government. In fact "gun-boat policy" had broken international law, but Western powers defense that "China is not civilization", no doubt it is absurdity. The Catholic missionaries assert that The Qing Government who forbidden Missionaries had broken international law.In nature Westerners approve that "Might is right"。...