Liang Qichao "group" Under The Vision Of National Research Ideas

At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, China was facing all of the crises in the purgatory full of blood and fire. In political field, along with the disintegrating in traditional economy, traditional political system more and more lags behind the constantly changing of the domestic and international environment, and established political order appear very vulnerable under the impact of many factors. To save the current situation, many patriotic people dedicated to seeking and studying different scheme of social political change, and the thinking of establishing a state through nations was political consensus of almost all political groups. Among them, Liang chi-chao’s theory establishing a state through nations in his groups’view, took a very important position at that time’and late’ rescuing movement because of its profound reality and height of the maturity.Liang chi-chao formed his theory establishing a state through nations in his groups’ view mainly from two practical considerations:the first is the choice between order and participate within national community. According to the first question, Liang chi-chao maintained to solve external ethnic tensions firstly, realizing national independence. Experienced many great historical events such as the Sino-French war, the Sino-Japanese war, the Yihetuan movement, coalition invasion of the g8and so on, as a intellectual who concerned social reality, Liang chi-chao’s most experience is to solve the external ethnic tensions. Liang chi-chao’s understanding of internal ethnic tensions mainly came from his social Darwinian theory assumes of national competition: the survival competition between main bodies is a kind of competition depend on strength in the very great degree; Main body took internal governance in order to deal with the external survival competition. So Liang chi-chao maintained to form a new big nation through uniting small nations in China. This new big nation is for discrete power in China. It also could strengthen the country’s ability to survival and compete.According to the second problem, Liang chi-chao’s choice is order. Because he though the existence crisis of political body came from outside, it is important to have basic competitiveness in order to meet this challenge from external environment. Internal order is premise to participate external competitive. The reach and maintain of order is the sufficient conditions for competition. So order became the first appeal. At the same time, under the influence of Evolution and Ethics interpreted by Yan fu, Liang chi-chao maintained a rational gradual evolutional view. In the other words, he tended to believe that the development of things is a gradual evolution process according to certain order from high to low, from the simple to the complex. When a state have a system in low level or don’t even have a basic system, permiting people with little ability to participate and little understanding of the system’s spirit to operate completely new institution system. Such participate would lead to a very bad result. Only after system guide and standard training by enlightened dictators, citizens obtained the ability to participate especially to representative in political field. Finally, the need of political participation would be put on the agenda and got important attention.To found a national country in guidance of this idea, we had to achieve a kind of internal comprehensive national integration. In other words, we should form a new big nation through uniting small nations in China. In this process, the biggest problem is how to deal with Manchu. Therefore Liang chi-chao took various arguments. In the end, he insisted Manchu and Qing dynasty government is not a coincidence concept and Manchu has been assimilated in fact. Liang chi-chao opposed to realize national untion in a violent way. Then for the need of enlightened dictators system, the new national state must be centralized in nature. This is mainly because he through that citizens in the low political participation level needed to participate in politics under enlightened dictator’s eyes. In the process, many political decision-making were not depend on interest expression and integration in democracy forms, but depended on enlightened dictators’wisdom and arbitrary. As long as this kind of arbitrary conformed to the interests of the autocratic object, it was legal. Accordingly, Liang chi-chao guarded existence of the only absolute authority within national state very resolutely. Only by this authority can we maintain and perpetuate the order. What’s more, power of the national state can also be integrated and consolidated. As a result, political survival crisis could be solved.