The Characteristics Of Excellent Athletes Perceived Expectations Ability Advantage And Neural Mechanism Research

Perceptual anticipation refers to the cognitive process that the athletes use theoutside information and antecedent information to predict the event. Professor SiGangyan (2011) pointed that ability of perceptual anticipation was the core mentalquality of the athletes engaging in skilled and physical sport events (such asbadminton，boxing，basketball，etc).We can raise sport results by the method oftraining the anticipation. Adopting the expert-novice paradigm, many researcherspointed that the expert athletes performed better in anticipation than the novices. Butthere was the question that whether the superiority of the experts existed in the visualimformation processing stage、internal processing stage or post-processing reactionstage. The question hasn’t been answered. The study here was done to solve thequestion deeply.The researchers often mixed the simple reaction time、choosing reaction time andanticipating time to discuss the perceptual anticipation. The flaw of the researcheswas that there was no difference between the experts and novices in the part ofanticipation. We expected to find that which parts the experts performed better thanthe novices after analyzing the differences of the simple reaction time、choosingreaction time and anticipating time.Experiment1was set to explore the reaction time of deceptive movement taskand general skill task and the difference between the ones. Furthermore，with theachievement of Shuji Mor（i2002），we had the systemic analysis from simple reactiontime to special skilled anticipation reaction time. The result showed that: with theincrease of complexity，there was no significant difference between the expert athletesand the novice ones. But the time of deceptive movement was longer than the generalone，it seemed that the deceptive action played the equally important role in bothplayers.Experiment2was to explore the internal mechanism of anticipation reactionunder the condition of the anticipating superiority task. The stimulus were split todifferent time point (t1-t9).The subjects were asked to anticipate the different stimulusof various time points，then the accuracy rate and self-confidence evaluation indifferent time points were analyzed. Through the study of various frame points，theaccuracy rate of deceptive movement was significantly lower than the accuracy rate ofthe no-deceptive movement；but there was no obvious difference in the part ofno-deceptive movement. the degree of confidence of experts was higher than thenovice ones. The degree of anticipating confidence of no-deceptive movement was higher than that of deceptive movement. From moment t1to moment t6，thedifference of degree of self-confidence gradually increased，but after moment t7，thegap of difference gradually narrowed.In Experiment3，through ERPs technical investigation，we expected to find thecharacteristics and differences of visual information processing of experts and novices.The experiment materials were chosen from the pictures that made the experts havethe80%accuracy rate，and made the significant difference between the experts andnovices. Referring to the oddball paradigm，40%of the task as deceptive movementand60%as no-deceptive movement，was designed to be present in the ERPsexperiment of perceptual anticipation. There were significant differences between theexperts and novices in the aspects of amplitude of N2component in forntal-centralregion，P2latency，amplitude and (P3L—P2L) of parietal-occipital region. The resultssuggested that experts ones had the better ability of preparing the early visual stimulifor the following cognitive processing，coding the information and evaluating thestimuli more earlier. Furthermore，by analyzing the brain electrical activity mapping，the brain regions of the ventral system and dorsal system were activated，deducingthat ventral system and dorsal system be used as the perceptual anticipationprocessing jointly.Through the three experiments，the reason why the experts had the better abilitythan the novices did was that：(1)Only under the condition of complex、professionaltasks，did the experts performed better，and the reason was that the experts may befamiliar with them；（2）because being familiar with the sports situation，especiallythe professional tasks，experts had more confidence to finish，so they had the highaccuracy rate；（3）the experts can make use of the long-term memory better toevaluate and make decision. In a word，with experience of sports training increasing，the experts had more superiority in every part，especially in information processing.Ina word，with adding the experience of sports training，the expert ones accumulatedmore advantages，especially in the information processing aspect. Through the brainelectrical activity mapping，we found that ventral system and dorsal system occurredat the same time in the perceptual anticipation，the result may challenge the traditionalconception of perceptual anticipation.